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Notes (Many references can be found in the Dictionary of Literary Biography [Detroit: Gale Research, 1981–2009], and Contemporary Authors Online [Detroit: Gale Research, 2003–2007], http://www.gale.cengage.com.) All online sources were accessed and the URLs were verified during the week of January 17–23, 2011. Introduction: Trauma, News, and Narrative 1. Kenneth S. Lynn, Hemingway (1987; repr., Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), 26; Charles A. Fenton, The Apprenticeship of Ernest Hemingway: The Early Years (New York: Viking, 1954), 1. 2. Kay Redfield Jamison, Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (1993; repr., New York: Free Press, 1994), 7, 18–19, 26, 29–31, 36–37, 40–41, 43, 53–54, 60, 62–63, 67, 72, 84, 96–98, 110–111, 116–118, 120, 124, 126, 128, 162, 192–193, 200, 214, 219–236, 249–250, 255, 267–270. 3. George Becker, “The Association of Creativity and Psychopathology: Its CulturalHistorical Origins,” Creativity Research Journal 13:1 (2000): 45–57; Felix Post, “Creativity and Psychopathology—A Study of 291 World-Famous Men,” British Journal of Psychiatry 165 (July 1994): 22–34; Daniel Nettle, “Schizotypy and Mental Health amongst Poets, Visual Artists, and Mathematicians,” Journal of Research in Personality 40:6 (2006): 876–890. 4. Anthony Feinstein, Journalists under Fire: The Psychological Hazards of Covering War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 60–61, 72–73, 132–133, 182. 5. Mitchell Stephens, A History of News: From the Drum to the Satellite (New York: Viking, 1988), 133, 241, 263–270. 6. Doug Underwood, Journalism and the Novel: Truth and Fiction, 1700–2000(Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008), 42–43, 99–100, 108, 123–124. 7. Ibid., 199–235. Also see Doug Underwood, “Depression, Drink, and Dissipation : The Troubled Inner World of Famous Journalist-Literary Figures and Art as the Ultimate Stimulant,” Journalism History 32 (Winter 2007): 186–200. 8. Anthony Feinstein, John Owen, and Nancy Blair, “A Hazardous Profession: War, Journalists, and Psychopathology,” American Journal of Psychiatry 159:9 (2002): 1570–1575; Omar Ghaffer and Anthony Feinstein, “Reporting under Fire: Understanding Psychopathology of War Journalists,” Psychiatric Times 22 (April 2005): 31–33; Anthony Feinstein and Dawn Nicolson, “Embedded Journalists in the Iraq War: Are They at Greater Psychological Risk?” Journal of Traumatic Stress 18:2 (2005): 129–132; Caroline M. Pyevich, Elana Newman, and Eric Daleiden, “The Relationship among Cognitive Schemas, Job-Related Traumatic Exposure, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Journalists,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 16:4 (2003): 325–328. See also Nigel C. Hunt, Memory, War and Trauma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). Jennifer L. Manlowe lists five characteristics of trauma that she says were taken from a conversation with Robert Lifton, who says trauma: (1) leaves an indelible imprint in the form of intense, sometimes repressed, memories that are often death related; (2) includes no time limit, and pain can endure for a lifetime; (3) potentially generates guilt or other forms of self-condemnation; (4) creates psychic numbing and diminished capacity to feel; (5) profoundly affects human relationships and surrounds them with suspicion and makes them vulnerable to disruption; (6) makes help or friendship appear to be counterfeit nurturance, as something insincere and unreliable; (7) brings on struggle with meaning at various levels; and (8) interrupts one’s sense of personal continuity—one’s lifeline—and there is a need to find new grounding and connectedness for the self. Jennifer Manlowe, Faith Born of Seduction: Sexual Trauma, Body Image, and Religion (New York: New York University Press, 1995), 6, 43. Lifton’s definition can be compared with “Post Traumatic Stress Disorder” as defined in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders III, developed from federal data and published in 1980 and 1987. PTSD is diagnosed when: (1) a person has experienced an event that is outside the range of usual human experience and that would be markedly distressing to almost anyone; (2) the traumatic event is persistently re-experienced through intrusive recollections of the traumatic experience, recurrent distressing dreams of the event, sudden action or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (flashbacks), and/or intense psychological distress at exposure to symbolic aspects of traumatic events; (3) there is persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma or numbing of general responsiveness; (4) there are persistent symptoms of increased arousal (e.g., sleep disturbance, hypervigilance, easily startled); and (5) the duration of the disturbance lasts at least one month. 9. Alice Miller, Prisoners of Childhood...