Commemorating Hell: The Public Memory of Mittelbau-Dora

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. See the obituary to Clifford Geertz in the American (December 2007): 786–89. 2. Wagner, Ellrich, 1944/45, 11. 3. See Grygar, Menschen, Ich Hatte Euch Lieb, 323. All translations are the authors’ except in previously published works. Chapter 1. Conceptualizing Horror 1. The most extensive and reliable source for the history and structure of MittelbauDora is undoubtedly Wagner’s Produktion des Todes. 2. Wiesel, From the Kingdom of Memories,194. 3. See Endlich and Lutz, Gedenken und Lernen an Historischen Orten. 4. Gellately, Backing Hitler, 12–13. 5. Drobisch and Wieland, System der NS-Konzentrationslager, 1933–1945, 13. 6. Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936, 456, 460. 7. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 28. 8. Kühnrich, Der KZ-Staat, 42. 9. Herzog and Strebel, “Das Frauenkonzentrationslager Ravensbrück,” 13–14. 10. Bartel et al., Buchenwald, 23. 11. Weinmann, Das Nationalsozialistische Lagersystem, 715. More recently, Megargee, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, has made the same point (xxxiii). 12. Megargee, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, xxxii. 13. These titles were changed and enhanced through the years of the Third Reich as Himmler consolidated police and political power. 14. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 29. 15. Weinmann, Das Nationalsozialistische Lagersystem, xci. 16. Whitehead, Violence, introduction. 17. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 131. 18. Bettelheim, The Informed Heart, 180. 19. Bruno Bettelheim’s idea of infantalization among inmates was harshly debated. See Sutton, Bettelheim, 249. 20. Cohen, Human Behavior in the Concentration Camp, 177. 21. Buchenwald political prisoners did save hundreds of children in the camp and delayed the evacuation of Jews, thus saving hundreds of adults as well (testimonies at the Buchenwald memorial, commemoration of the sixty-fifth anniversary of the liberation of the camp, Weimar, Germany, May 11, 2010). 22. Lundholm, Das Höllentor, 194. 23. Although Bettelheim does not transition in his writing to the camps themselves at this juncture, he is probably writing here of the prisoners’ experiences after arriving. 24. Bettelheim, The Informed Heart, 123–24. 25. Bettelheim, “Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations,” 424. 26. Bettelheim, The Informed Heart, 131–34. 27. Jana Kopelentova Rehak in her doctoral dissertation, “Czech Political Prisoners: Remembering, Relatedness, Reconciliation,” refers to Pamela Reynolds’s work and her statement that “children do have bargaining power in families, and some manage to secure adult attention and care despite disruptions in relationships, changes in the composition of household units, and high mobility among family members” (167). See also Reynolds, “Ground of All Making.” 28. See works by Veena Das, Ranajit Guha, Arthur Kleinman, Margaret Lock, Valentine Daniel, and Gyanendra Pandey, among others. 29. See Kertesz, Fateless. 30. Kuntz et al., “Albert Kuntz,” 67. 31. Ibid., 71. 32. Kertesz, Fateless. 33. Cohen, Human Behavior in the Concentration Camp, 115–210. 34. See Pandey’s excellent work on fragmentation. 35. Kertesz, Fateless, 91. 36. Weinmann, Das Nationalsozialistische Lagersystem, xcix. 37. Ibid., cii. 38. Burleigh, The Third Reich, 631. 39. Kaienberg, Vernichtung durch Arbeit. 40. See Allen, Business of Genocide; and Sofsky, Order of Terror, 167–71. Wagner’s use of the term impressed labor (Zwangsarbeit) is based on the argument made earlier by Benjamin Ferencz in his book Less than Slaves. Ferencz argues that slaves were meant to be kept in sufficient health to continue working and multiplying, whereas Nazi prisoners were expendable. The effect of this use of “impressed labor,” however, seems to these authors to mitigate the horror of the circumstances and implies that volition was still present in the labor conditions. This was true only intermittently for some prisoners, who were at any time subject to harsher and more dire circumstances. 41. Weinmann, Das Nationalsozialistische Lagersystem, xxx. 42. Archiwum Państwowe w Kalisz, Kalisz, Poland, January 14, 1942, Der Ortsbürg170 Notes to Chapter 1 ermeister der Ortspolizeibehörde 149 1/1 Benutzung von Verkehrsmitteln durch Polen, Akta in Kalisz, Sig. 1 4311. 43. http//www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/currency.htm/tables. 44. Diestel and Jakusch, Concentration Camp Dachau, 1933–1945, 139. 45. Thus, the movie Schindler’s List reflected not an unusual case of private enterprise using slave labor but a normal use of available human resources for the time and place. 46. Kühnrich, Der KZ-Staat, 77. 47. Weinmann, Das Nationalsozialistische Lagersystem, lxxiii. 48. Bütow and Bindernagel, Ein KZ in der Nachbarschaft, 53. 49. Fest, Speer: The Final Verdict, 132: Handbook of Organization Todt, 34. 50. Bundesarchiv/ Militärarchiv, Freiburg, Germany, Archivmaterial RH 8...