The Turkey: AN AMERICAN STORY

Notes

Notes Chapter 1: The Prehistoric Turkey 1. R. A. Donkin, The Muscovy Duck, Carina moschata domestica, Origin , Dispersal, and Associated Aspects of the Geography of Domestication (Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema, 1989); R. D. Crawford, “Introduction to Europe and Diffusion of Domesticated Turkeys from America,” Archivos de Zootecnia 41 (1992): 314. 2. Richard Howard and Alick More, The Howard and More Complete Checklist of Birds of the World, 3d ed., edited by Edward C. Dickinson (London: Christopher Helm, 2003), 44; Check-list of North American Birds: The Species of Birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands, Prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Ornithologists’ Union, 7th ed. (Washington: The Union, 1998), 122. 3. Janet Vorwald Dohner, The Encyclopedia of Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 443. 4. Alfred M. Tozzer and Glover M. Allen, Animal Figures in the Maya Codices (Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1910), 326–29, plate 16. 5. “California’s Tar Pit Turkeys Closely Related to Modern Wild Turkeys,” press release at the National Wild Turkey Federation Web site: www.nwtf.org/nwtf_newsroom/press_releases.php?id=10220; Zbigniew Bochenski and Kenneth E. Campbell, The Extinct California Turkey , Melegris californica (Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, [2004]), 1 (interim report). 6. James Earl Kennamer, Mary Kennamer, and Ron Brenneman, “History ,” in The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management, edited by James G. Dickson (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1992), 39. 7. John James Audubon, The Birds of America (New York: J. J. Audubon; Philadelphia: J. B. Chevalier, 1840–44), 5:49; W. Clift, “The Narragansett Turkey,” Poultry World 1 (Dec. 1872): 151; George Enty, “The Wild Turkey,” in Turkeys and How to Grow Them, edited by Herbert Myrick (New York: Orange Judd, 1897), 9; Sylvester D. Judd, The Grouse and Wild Turkeys of the United States, and Their Economic Value (Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Biological Survey, 1905), 49–50; Florence Merriam Bailey, Birds of New Mexico (Sante Fe: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish in Cooperation with the State Game Protective Association and the Bureau of Biological Survey, 1928), 233. 8. Dohner, The Encyclopedia of Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds, 444. 9. The term tom is an Americanism that originated in the mid-nineteenth century. For the first located use in print, see George W. Henry, Tell Tale Rag, and Popular Sins of the Day (Oneida: Published for the author, 1861), 110, 182. Thanks to Barry Popik for locating this reference. 10. M. W. Olsen, “The Sex of Parthenogenetic Turkey Embryos,” Journal of Heredity 48 (1957): 217–18; M. W. Olsen, “Performance Record of a Parthenogenetic Turkey Male,” Science 132 (Dec. 1960): 1661; M. W. Olsen, “Twelve Year Summary of Selection for Parthenogenesis in Beltsville Small White Turkeys ,” British Poultry Science 6 (1965): 1–6;T. F. Savage, G. L. Bradley, and J. Hayat,“The Incidence of Parthenogenesis in Medium White Turkey Hens When Fed a Breeder Diet Containing Yeast Cultures of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae,” Poultry Science, supp. 1, 72 (1993): 80; Thomas F. Savage and Elzbieta I. Zakrzewska, “A Guide to the Recognition of Parthenogenesis in Incubated Turkey Eggs,” at www.oregonstate.edu/Dept/ animal-sciences/poultry/index.html. 11. Check-list of North American Birds, 122; Carolyn J.Christman and Robert O.Hawes, Birds of a Feather: Saving Turkeys from Extinction (Pittsboro, N.C.: American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, 1999), 3–5; Howard and More, The Howard and More Complete Checklist of Birds of the World, 44. 12. Sophie D. Coe, America’s First Cuisines (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), 141. 13. Stanley J. Olsen, “Turkeys,” in The Cambridge World History of Food, edited by Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhid Conee Ornelas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 2:579. 14. Richard S. MacNeish, “Ancient Mesoamerican Civilization,” Science 143 (Feb. 1964): 537. 15. Crawford, “Introduction to Europe and Diffusion of Domesticated Turkeys from America,” 309. 16. A. Starker Leopold, “The Wild Turkey of Mexico,” in Transactions of the Thirteenth North American Wildlife Conference, edited by Ethel M. Quee (Washington: Wildlife Management Institute, 1948), 393–400; Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Microlivestock: Little-known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (Washington: National Academy Press, 1991), 162. 17. Crawford, “Introduction to Europe and Diffusion of Domesticated Turkeys from America,” 310. 18. Bernardino de Sahagún, General History of the Things of New Spain (Florentine Codex), Book 11: Earthly Things, translated by Charles...