The Rural Face of White Supremacy: BEYOND JIM CROW

Notes

Notes Preface 1.With very few exceptions, the interviews are now housed with the Southern Oral History Program, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. See appendix B for a complete list. Introduction 1.While there are few local histories of the twentieth-century rural South, those that exist are excellent: Melissa Walker,All฀We฀Knew฀Was฀to฀Farm:฀Rural฀Women฀in฀the฀ Upcountry฀South,฀1919–1941 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002); Rebecca Sharpless, Fertile฀Ground,฀Narrow฀Choices:฀Women฀on฀Texas฀Cotton฀Farms,฀ 1900–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999); Joe W. Trotter, Coal,฀Class,฀and฀Color:฀Blacks฀in฀Southern฀West฀Virginia,฀1915–32 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990). Local studies of the nineteenth-century rural South are more common. One fine example describes a county adjacent to Hancock: Jonathan Bryant , How฀Curious฀a฀Land:฀Conflict฀and฀Change฀in฀Greene฀County,฀Georgia,฀1850–1885 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). 2.James C. Cobb has argued that the Mississippi Delta is not a living relic surviving from a sort of generic premodern southern past, as it has long been treated by scholars. Rather, it was one of the most aggressively modernizing sections of the South (Cobb, The฀Most฀Southern฀Place฀on฀Earth:฀The฀Mississippi฀Delta฀and฀the฀Roots฀ of฀Regional฀Identity [New York: Oxford University Press, 1992]). 3.Statistics in James C. Bonner, “Profile of a Late Ante-Bellum Community,” American฀Historical฀Review 49 (1944): 663–80. See also Forrest Shivers, The฀Land฀ 09.NOTES.239-294_Schu.indd฀฀฀239 1/4/05฀฀฀9:23:23฀AM Between:฀A฀History฀of฀Hancock฀County,฀Georgia,฀to฀1940 (Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Company, 1990), 1–6, 66–86. 4.Shivers, The฀Land฀Between, passim; John Rozier, Black฀Boss:฀Political฀Revolution฀ in฀a฀Georgia฀County (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982), 1–19. 5.Rozier, Black฀Boss. 6.The term personalism seems to have been coined by David M. Potter in his writing on the agrarian folk culture of the antebellum South. It was further developed by Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark to describe “the bonds of familiarity” connecting members of the mulatto elite and their white patrons in antebellum Charleston. See Potter, The฀South฀and฀the฀Sectional฀Conflict (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 15–16; Johnson and Roark, No฀Chariot฀Let฀Down:฀ Charleston’s฀Free฀People฀of฀Color฀on฀the฀Eve฀of฀the฀Civil฀War (NewYork: Norton, 1984), 10–15. 7.The old German adage “city air makes a man free” (Stadtluft macht frei) worked only for those whose race was not an identifying badge of caste. 8.Barbara Fields, “Ideology and Race in American History,” in Region,฀Race,฀and฀ Reconstruction:฀Essays฀in฀Honor฀of฀C.฀Vann฀Woodward, ed. J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 143–77. 9.The terms premodern and modern must be used with humility and openness to nuance.Societies modernize in different ways and at different paces,not according to a universal template.“Premodern” attributes persist in the most “modern” societies. I nevertheless use the terms repeatedly because I can find no others to describe the changes I see in Hancock. 10.For recent glimpses of the complex reality underlying “solid South” mythologies , see R. Douglas Hurt, ed., African฀American฀Life฀in฀the฀Rural฀South,฀1900–1950 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003); Suzanne Lebsock, A฀Murder฀in฀Virginia :฀Southern฀Justice฀on฀Trial (New York: Norton, 2003); Greta de Jong, A฀Different฀ Day:฀African฀American฀Struggles฀for฀Justice฀in฀Rural฀Louisiana,฀1900–1970 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); J. Douglas Smith, Managing฀White฀ Supremacy:฀Race,฀Politics,฀and฀Citizenship฀in฀Jim฀Crow฀Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); J. William Harris, Deep฀Souths:฀Delta,฀Piedmont,฀ and฀Sea฀Island฀Society฀in฀the฀Age฀of฀Segregation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001); William Chafe et al., eds., Remembering฀Jim฀Crow:฀African฀ Americans฀Tell฀about฀Life฀in฀the฀Segregated฀South (New York: New Press, 2001); Jane Dailey,Before฀Jim฀Crow:฀The฀Politics฀of฀Race฀in฀Postemancipation฀Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making฀Whiteness:฀ The฀Culture฀of฀Segregation฀in฀the฀South,฀1890–1940 (New York: Vintage, 1998); Laura F. Edwards, Gendered฀Strife฀and฀Confusion:฀The฀Political฀Culture฀of฀Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997); Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender฀and฀ Jim฀Crow:฀Women฀and฀the฀Politics฀of฀White฀Supremacy฀in฀North฀Carolina,฀1896...