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Notes Abbreviations AAA ArchivesofAmericanArt CCP CenterforCreativePhotography,UniversityofArizona HSTR HistoricalSectionTextualRecords,FarmSecurityAdministration,Libraryof Congress MoMA MuseumofModernArt,NewYork MHD MinutesofthePhotoLeagueHarlemDocumentFeatureGroup,AaronSiskind Archive,CenterforCreativePhotography PN PhotoNotes,ThePhotoLeague,NewYork,reprintedinPhotoNotes,editedby NathanLyons(Rochester:VisualStudiesWorkshop,) PP PopularPhotography(magazine) RSP RoyStrykerPapers,theUniversityofLouisvillePhotographicArchiveand Chadwyck-Healymicrofilm USC U.S.Cameraannual USCM U.S.CameraMagazine 304 Chapter 1: The Rebirth of Photography in the Thirties .EdwardWeston,“PhotographicArt,”EncyclopediaBritannica,thed.,,reprinted inWeston,EdwardWestononPhotography,editedbyPeterC.Bunnell(SaltLakeCity:Peregrine SmithBooks,),. .“OrbisPictus,”TheNation,Oct.,;HeraldTribuneeditorialquotedinBeaumont Newhall,“ThisWas,”inTheBestof PopularPhotography,editedbyHarveyV.Fondiller (NewYork:Ziff-Davis,),;JamesAgeeandWalkerEvans,LetUsNowPraiseFamousMen: ThreeTenantFamilies(,rev.ed.Boston:HoughtonMifflin,;reprintwithaforewordby JohnHersey,),. .Photography’scousin,themovies,hadanevenlargerpopularaudience,butanoligopoly controlledfilmproductionanddistributionandexercisedtightcontroloverexhibition. .Photo-Secession,foundedbyStieglitzin,wasaninformalgroupdedicatedtoadvancing thecauseofphotographyasafineart;otherkeymembersincludedFrankEugene,Gertrude Käsebier,EdwardSteichen,andClarenceWhite.MostPhoto-Secessionists—althoughnot Stieglitz—practiced“pictorialphotography,”inwhichsoftfocusanddarkroommanipulationof negativesandprintsgavepicturesapainterlyappearance.WhenintheteensStieglitzrenounced supportforthisbrandofphotographythegroupdissolved.Beginningin,hedidchampion thestraightphotographicworkofPaulStrand,butartfulphotography’storporaslateasis hintedatinareviewofaStrandshowinStieglitz’sgallery.“Painterscomeandgo,”thereviewer observed,“butthegentleartofphotographymaintainstheeventenorofitsways.”“PhotoArt,” NewYorkTimes,March,x,. .HereandelsewhereIreferto“artfulphotography”moreoftenthanto“artisticphotography ”becausethattermmorecomfortablyembracesthevarietyofpicturesmadeandseeninthe thirties.Plumbingartists’intentionsisadiceybusinessyetitseemsclearthatdesignatingworkers suchastheFSA’sLangeortheLucepublications’Bourke-Whiteas“artistic”photographers onlypartiallydescribestheirmotives.Theywantedtomakeestheticallycoherentcompositions andinfusethemwiththeirbestperceptions,buttheirotherinstrumentalgoalsdidnotpreclude theirbeingdesignatedasleadingworkers.Thisusagealsobetterreflectsthedemocraticethosthat pervadedphotographyinthiserabecauseitdoesnotimplyaninvidiousdistinctionbetween“personal ”workandthatwhichwascommissioned,adistinctionStieglitzfirmlyhonoredbutwhich theartworldmostlyjettisoned. .HowardBecker,ArtWorlds(Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,). .Becker,ArtWorlds,. .SteinertoStryker,June,RSP. .JamesMcCamy,GovernmentPublicity:ItsPracticesinFederalAdministration(Chicago:University ofChicagoPress,),;CatherineBauer,“Photography:ManRayandPaulStrand,” ArtsWeekly,May,. .SuchtheoriesareadvancedinPeteDanielandSallyStein,IntroductiontoDanieletal., OfficialImages:NewDealPhotography(Washington:SmithsonianInstitutionPress,),viii; DavidP.Peeler,HopeamongUsYet(Athens:UniversityofGeorgiaPress,);andPaulHendrickson ,LookingfortheLight:TheHiddenLifeandArtofMarionPostWolcott(NewYork:Knopf, ),–. Notes to Pages 2–7 [18.209.31.38] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 11:22 GMT) 305 .LawrenceW.Levine,Highbrow,Lowbrow:TheEmergenceofCulturalHierarchyinAmerica (Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,),,,,passim. .Levine,Highbrow,Lowbrow,–,–. .Ibid.,–. .M.F.Agha’sfiguresforcameraownershipandannualexpendituresarein“Raphaelswithout Hands,”Vogue,June,.DonDixondiscussesNewYork’scameraclubsin“Snapshots SpeededUp,”NewYorkTimes,Nov.,xi,.AndPaulHendricksonestimatesthenumber of–mmcamerasinuseinLookingfortheLight,. .“Thanks,U.S.CameraReaders,”USCM(Oct.):;F.AnthonySaunders,“Fifty ThousandPeopleSawtheShow,”PP(Feb.):. .AdamstoMcAlpin,Feb.,inAdams,AnselAdams:LettersandImages,–,edited byMaryStreetAlinderandAndreaGrayStillman(Boston:Little,Brown,),. .DanielBoorstin,TheImage(NewYork:Atheneum,),.FortheHollywoodstudio photographers,seeJohnKobal,TheArtoftheGreatHollywoodPortraitPhotographers(NewYork: Knopf,).KobalsaysthatatParamountalone,six...