Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency

Notes

195 notes Introduction 1. Actually, a series of postwar conferences occurred in various places. Collectively , they are sometimes referred to as the “Paris Conference,” as in Margaret McMillan’s Paris 1919. Chapter 1: Faces of the KLA and Its Kosovar Antagonists 1. Hammes, Sling and Stone, 2. 2. The First Balkan War occurred in 1912–13 and focused on the boundaries of Macedonia, and the liberation of Albania from Ottoman control. One result was the creation of Albania as an independent state. Carnegie Endowment, The Other Balkan Wars. 3. Fishta, The Highland Lute. 4. Robert Elsie, Albanian Literature, An Overview of Its History and Development , http://www.elsie.de/pub/pdf_articles/A2003AlbLitOsthefte.pdf [visited December 4, 2006]. 5. One glaring difference was that the six republics technically had the right to secede from Yugoslavia if they chose. That right was expressly left out of the autonomy granted Kosovo. 6. On October 23, 1956, Hungarian students sought to overthrow the Communist government. The Soviet Army responded with overwhelming force, killing many. Thirty-five thousand were arrested and put on trial. 7. The Albanians said thousands; the Serbs said ten. Malcolm, A Short History of Kosovo, 335 (describing 1981 demonstrations). Chapter 2: Building and Maintaining Public Support 1. Mao Tse-Tung, On Guerrilla Warfare, 43. 2. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 10 (distinguishing bandit gangs from guerrilla army; bandit gangs are similar in every respect to guerrilla army except for support of the people, resulting in capture and extermination of bandits by public force). 3. Wood, Insurgent Collective Action, 18 (explaining defiance and agency values ); ibid., 270 (noting that strongly defiant individuals might be those who lost 196 Notes to Pages 27–39 a loved one to the armed forces or a death squad); ibid., 268 (explaining interaction ). 4. Ibid., 269 (setting forth equation and providing graphical portrayal). 5. O’Neill, Insurgency and Terrorism, 76–77 (noting importance of appeals to theology and other ideologies as important factors in gaining popular support); Gurr, Why Men Rebel, 353 (ideological appeals offer the best means to mobilize insurgency “to the extent that their content is designed to justify new aspirations and specify means toward their attainment”). 6. Kurt Bexheti interview. 7. Pape, Dying to Win, 87 (explaining that religious differences are powerful in helping insurgents distinguish their constituents from occupiers). 8. The term “consciousness of potentiality” is derived from Taber, War of the Flea, who writes that popular will supporting a guerrilla struggle expresses “a newly awakened consciousness, not of ‘causes’ but of potentiality.” Ibid., 5. Later, he writes that a “reasonable expectation of success” is “perhaps the most powerful of motives.” Ibid., 23. 9. Jerry M. Tinker, The Political Power of Non-Violent Resistance: The Gandhian Technique, 21 Western Political Q. 775–76 (1971) (analyzing Gandhi’s philosophy); Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, 114–16 (noting that military was in serious danger of disintegrating and each use of force increased this danger, stimulated in part by ideological and religious appeals to ordinary soldiers by insurgents and also because of exposure to demonstrators who sometimes “put a flower in the end of a rifle barrel” causing soldiers’ morale to disappear); see also DeFronzo, Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements, 38 (noting how in early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917, soldiers and sailors no longer automatically obeyed their officers). 10. KLA communiqués Nr. 27 (27 Oct. 1996) (“we will knock on your doors and will deliver the appropriate punishment”); 30 (3 Feb. 1997); 32 (27 Mar. 1997); 33 (18 May 1997); 36 (19 Oct. 1997). 11. KLA communiqués Nr. 18 (14 Feb. 1996); 21 (14 July 1996); 24 (30 Aug. 1996); 28 (12 Jan. 1997). 12. KLA communiqués Nr. 30 (3 Feb. 1997); 33 (“we are your sons and daughters and we need your material and moral support for the liberation of our territories ”); 35 (12 Aug. 1997) (“we need your funds”); 36 (15 Sept. 1997); 38 (7 Nov. 1997) (“call upon Albanians who are in emigration to help the fund established for the liberation of Kosovo”); 39 (22 Nov. 1997). 13. Clark, Civil Resistance in Kosovo, 124. 14. See ibid., 118–19 (reporting splits in LDK and criticism of Rugova in 1994). 15. Malcolm, Short History, 322. Chapter 3: Recruiting Fighters and Commanders 1. Tetreault, “Overthrowing the Fathers,” 262–63. 2. See Goldstone, Revolutions, 290 (noting that guerrilla movements disproportionately take root in areas with histories of popular rebellion against national authorities, such as Cuba and Colombia, in contrast with certain areas...