Sweet Tyranny: Migrant Labor, Industrial Agriculture, and Imperial Politics

Index

Index Abbott, Grace, 170 Ackerman, C. E., 115, 183 Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), 187–88, 205–7, 222–23 agricultural ladder, 6, 63; eastern Europeans and, 92–93, 150, 174–75; Mexicans and 147, 150 Agricultural Workers Union (AWU), 226, 228–32 Allison, William B., 16 Alma Sugar Beet Growers’ Association, 45 Alma Sugar Company, 30, 59, 71 Alonzo, Marco, 158 American Beet Sugar Manufacturers’ Association , 39 American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF): competition with Farmers’ National Council, 110–11, 121; founding of, 98; promotion of Philippine independence, 198; during tariff debate, 191–92 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 135, 199, 226, 233 Americanization, 76, 93, 122 American Society of Equity (AS of E), 56, 107 American Sugar Refining Company (ASRC), 30, 54, 60 Anderson, Agnes, 227 Andresen, August, 150 Archer Daniels Midland, 244 Atkins, George, 86 Austin, Harry, 146, 151 Ayala, Jesus, 235 Backsher, Paul, 87 Baker, Herbert, 110 Barbee, David Rankin, 12, 194 Batiza, Ingacio L., 218–20 Bauaski, Albert, 217 Bay City Businessmen’s Association, 20 Bay City Sugar Company, 31, 68 Beck, P. D., 241 Beet-Sugar Law, 19n30, 49 Benjamin, Charles G., 156 Berger, John, 85 Bernhardt, Joshua, 224–25 Bialy, M. J., 104 Bingham, Hiram, 197, 200 Blissfield Beet Growers Association, 226, 229–31 Bodesiler, Fred, 226 Bohemians, 6, 66, 83, 92 bounties, 3–4, 19, 20 Boutell, Benjamin, 20 Box, John, 144 Boys Working Reserve (Department of­ Interior), 125–26, 128 Bracero program, 152 Bradley, Nathan, 20, 68, 70 Brenckman, Frederic, 198 302 . index Brooks, Florence, 225 Burnett, John L., 129 Bush, George W., 242 Caminetti, Anthony, 129–30, 133–34, 142 cane sugar: as barbaric, 1, 24; cheap labor and, 1, 24–25, 30–31, 34; as competitor to beet sugar, 1, 3–4, 7, 16–17, 32–33, 35–36, 186, 190, 193–99, 202–5; Louisiana and, 4, 25–26; natural advantages of, 31–32; sugar acts and, 207–9; the trust and, 30; during World War I, 101 capitalism, 15; imperialism and, 23, 36–37; industrial agriculture and, 39–40, 46, 57–58, 63, 107–10, 121; as local phenomenon , 39–40 Cardoso, Lawrence, 131 Carr, Arthur, 85–86 Carranza, Venustiano, 130–32 Catholic Church, 234–35 Caulkett, Arthur A., 217 Central Beet Growers’ Association, 50 Charlevoix Sugar Company, 52 child labor, 6, 9, 11, 66, 71–75; and Agricultural Adjustment Act, 222; child labor reformers and, 166–68; constitutional debate over, 183–84; farmer critique of, 183–84; farm family use of, 173–78; industrial agriculture and, 167–71, 184; JonesCostigan Act and, 223; migrant family use of, 175–77; militancy of, 74–75; as philanthropy , 73–74; physical attributes of, 72, 74; press critique of, 179–80; recruitment of urban, 72; state of Michigan investigation into, 180–82; state regulation of, 178–79; sugar acts and, 222–23, 227–28; sugar beet industry defense of, 180–82; town support of, 72–73 Children’s Bureau, 91–92, 230; Agricultural Adjustment Act and, 222; critique of farm families, 175; definition of industrial agriculture, 168–70; field investigations of, 173–74; highlighting health risks of child labor, 172–73; neglect of Mexican children, 175, 183; sugar acts and, 227–28; view of migrant fathers, 176–77; view of migrant mothers, 177 Churchill, W. L., 31, 39, 47–48, 69 Circulo de Obreros Catolicos, 154 Clark, John, 139 colonialism: beet sugar and, 7–8, 23, 33, 34–37, 39, 186–87, 191, 207, 213; cane sugar and, 1, 4, 28; as economic burden, 35–36, 187; European, 1, 3, 4, 7–8, 23, 25, 29, 35–36; Philippine independence and, 203 Columbia Sugar Company, 96, 143, 154 Comisiones Honorificas, 156, 158 Committee on Insular Affairs, 199 Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs , 197, 204 company farms, 52–53 ConAgra Foods, 244 Connally, Tom, 193 Constitution, Mexican, 130–32 Constitution, U.S., 26, 186 consul, Mexican, 131, 140, 156–59, 218–19 consul, U.S., 132 consumption, 15–16, 36, 101 Continental Sugar Company, 138–39 contract farming, 2–3, 40–43, 63, 112 contract labor law, 123. See also Foran Costigan, Edward, 206, 208 Country Life movement, 57, 168 Cranage, Thomas, 20 Crapo, T. S., 146, 149 Crawford, Fred, 193, 221 Cuba: American capitalists in, 24, 28, 196–97; cane sugar competition of, 16–17, 24, 27–33, 39, 186; commercial ties, 35; Jones-Costigan Act, 206; Platt Amendment , 1, 245; sugar acts and, 188, 206–9; tariff debates and, 29–31, 33, 186, 192–94, 196–97; Teller Resolution, 28...