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Notes Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used throughout the notes. BUSAF Blacks in the United States Armed Forces: Basic Documents, ed. Morris J. MacGregor and Bernard C. Nalty, 13 vols. (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources , 1977). OR The War of the Rebellion; A Compendium of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Published under the direction of the . . . Secretary of War . . ., 70 vols. in 128 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1880–1901). PCJR The Papers of Chief John Ross, ed. Gary E. Moulton, 2 vols. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984–85). SOR Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, ed. Janet B. Hewett, Noah Andre Trudeau, and Bryce A. Suderow, 83 vols. in three parts to date (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 1994). Introduction 1. Lt. Col. John Bowles to Judson, July 20, James G. Blunt to John M. Schofield, July 26, Blunt to Lt. Col. Wm. T. Campbell, July 19, Henry Hopkins to William A. Phillips, July 21, 1863, in OR, 22 (pt. 1): 448, 449, 456, 453; James M. Williams in BUSAF, 2:49–50, 58; Bowles’s report repr. as doct. 27 in BUSAF, vol. 2; Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border, 2 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1899), 2:120; Robert M. Peck, “Wagon-Boss and Mule-Mechanic,” National Tribune, September 8, 1904, p. 8. (“Our cavalry did not come into the fight, as they were guarding the flanks” [“Later from Fort Gibson,” Leavenworth Daily Conservative, July 31, 1863, p. 2].) See see also chapter 5. 2. Williams to T. J. Anderson, Jan. 1, 1866, repr. as doct. 28 in BUSAF, 2:57, and qtd. from 65; William A. Phillips,“Kansas History,” Collections of the Kansas Historical Society 4 (1886–90): 359. 3. By the war’s close, Kansas had recruited 2,080 blacks; Arkansas, 5,526; and Missouri, 8,344. 4. Early in 1863 the brigade defended the Cherokee National Council, which appointed Lieutenant Colonel Lewis Downing acting principal chief in the absence of Chief Ross and sent Captains James McDaniel and Thomas Pegg to assist Ross in promoting their cause in Washington. Their quest at the U.S. capital proved the longest and most trying campaign of their service; McDaniel died there, his remains to be later joined at Arlington National Cemetery by those of by Captain James S. Vann (Craig W. Gaines, The Confederate Cherokees: John Drew’s Regiment of Mounted 142 / notes to pages 5–12 Rifles [Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989], 121, 122; Morris L. Wardell, A Political History of the Cherokee Nation, 1838–1907 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1938), 172, 173, 174–75. The modest official figure for the Indian Home Guards is usually given as 3,530, but the peculiar way the regiments recruited makes 4,000 to 5,000 more likely. In addition, several companies and regiments of other Federal units, notably Kansas cavalry, were Indian in composition. 5. Where earlier views correctly identified racism as institutional policies and practices, this new perspective makes racism the mere consensus among individuals of the majority race, to be addressed when whites repudiate their “whiteness.” This not only makes the essential discussion of race something about the whites but also embraces the most conservative assumptions about an individual’s power to reshape the institutions, market forces, and class relations that frame our social existence. But it never really worked. Chapter 1: The Shadow of John Brown 1. Phillips interviews originally in the Atlantic Monthly 44 (Dec. 1879): 738–44 (repr. in various other sources); Mrs. O. E. Morse, “Sketch of the Life and Works of Augustus Wattles,” Kansas Historical Collection, 1926–1928 17 (1928): 298–99; David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (New York: Knopf, 2005), 15, 192, 502–3. 2. Source A-195-209, in U.S. Bureau of the Census, The Statistical History of the United States: From Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1976), 24–37; Russel K. Hickman, “Speculative Activities of the Emigrant Aid Company,” Kansas Historical Quarterly 4 (Aug. 1935): 235–67; Albert Castel, A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861–1865 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979), 10; Morse, “Sketch of Augustus Wattles,” 296–97. 3. Castel, Frontier State, 14; David Dary, More True Tales of Old-Time Kansas (Lawrence : University Press of Kansas, 1987), 274–77; T. F. Robley, History of Bourbon County, Kansas (Fort Scott: the author...