Gandhi Meets Primetime: Globalization and Nationalism in Indian Television

Notes

  notes Introduction 1. See Chatterjee, Nationalist฀Thought฀and฀the฀Colonial฀World, and Nation฀and฀Its฀ Fragments, and Anderson, Imagined฀Communities. 2. See, for instance, Mankekar, Screening฀Culture,฀Viewing฀Politics, and Rajagopal, Politics฀after฀Television. Mankekar and Rajagopal,whose books were published in 1999 and 2000, respectively, conducted most of their fieldwork on Doordarshan’s national programming before the advent of satellite television in India.Therefore,I find that their books, while providing crucial insights into the growing influence of television in India,are unable to adequately attend to the changing status of the national network in relation to the sweeping transformations of the transnational and translocal media networks since the early 1990s.See my review of Mankekar’s Screening฀Cultures,฀Viewing ฀Politics, and Rajagopal’s Politics฀after฀Television, in Screen. 3. Kellner, Persian฀Gulf฀TV฀War, 110. 4. Ibid., 111. 5. Quoted in Jain, “Hooked on War,” 38. 6. Ibid. 7. For an overview of the transformations of the satellite television industry in the early 1990s, see Bhatt, Satellite฀Invasion฀of฀India, Gupta, Switching฀Channels, Ninan, Through฀the฀Magic฀Window, and Saksena, Television฀in฀India. 8. “How Cable TV Began and Spread in India.” 9. Ibid. 10. “Doordarshan Today.” 11. Pendakur and Kapur, “Think Globally, Program Locally.” 12. Kumar and Curtin, “‘Made in India.’” 13. The Sachs report is cited in Watson, “Asia’s Rising Star.” 14. Ibid. 15. Zee TV, Annual฀Report, 1996. 07.Notes.203-218.Kumar.indd฀฀฀203 10/18/05฀฀฀11:35:05฀AM 16. Pendakur and Kapur, “Think Globally, Program Locally,” 202. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 19. Sonwalker, “India: Makings of Little Cultural/Media Imperialism?” 20. Ibid., 511. 21. In 1997, Rajat Sharma and forty-three others affiliated with Aap฀Ki฀Adalat had resigned in protest over what Sharma claimed was excessive interference in the programming content of the news show byVijay Zindal,the chief executive officer at Zee. After quitting Zee, Sharma formed his own production company in New Delhi. 22. Jeffery, India’s฀Newspaper฀Revolution. 23. Lahiri, “Eenadu Chief Claims New Channel Has Penetrated All 1.3 M Cable Homes in A.P.” 24. Anand, “Sun TV.” 25. Lahiri, “Eenadu Chief Claims New Channel Has Penetrated All 1.3 M Cable Homes in A.P.” 26. Ninan, “Channel after Channel.” 27. Anderson, Imagined฀Communities, 7. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid. 30. Ninan, “Indelible Images.” 31. Ibid. Lal Bahadur Shastri was India’s second prime minister and was sworn into office after the passing away of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964. Shastri served as prime minister for two years until his death in 1966. 32. Derrida, Specters฀of฀Marx, 6. 33. Ibid. 34. In this book, I follow the conventional practice of using the name “Gandhi” along with the honorary title “Mahatma” (the Great Soul) instead of referring to the proper name M. K. Gandhi. 35. Khosla, “Channel Surfing.” 36. Menon,“Mahatma Brings Alive the Early Days and Little Known Facts of Gandhi as a Child.” 37. Farrell, “Now Sir Humphrey Gets to Say ‘Yes Minister’ in Hindi.” 38. Quoted in Nair, “Thumpingly Successful Viji Thampi.” 39. Ibid. 40. Nasta, “Trouble at Bombay Doordarshan.” 41. Bareth, “Gandhi Fashion Image Row.” 42. Bhatia, “Cries of Cultural Imperialism Examined.” 43. Ibid. 44. Ramanujan, “Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?” 45. Ibid., 40. 46. Ibid. Chapter฀1:฀From฀Doordarshan฀to฀Prasar฀Bharati 1. Quoted in “Fast Forward to a Slice of History,” Hindu, 2001. 2. UNESCO, Television, 105. 204฀ notes฀to฀pages฀8–24 07.Notes.203-218.Kumar.indd฀฀฀204 10/18/05฀฀฀11:35:05฀AM 3. Chatterji, Broadcasting฀in฀India. 4. Kumar and Chandiram, Educational฀Television฀in฀India. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid. 7. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Radio฀and฀Television (also known as the Chanda Committee Report), paras. 778, 779, 780. 8. Rao, personal interview. 9. Ibid. 10. Ninan, Through฀the฀Magic฀Window. 11. Luthra, Indian฀Broadcasting. 12. For a detailed account of the reasons for, and the consequences of, Indira Gandhi’s proclamation of “Emergency,” see Bahl, Indira฀Gandhi, and Dhar, Indira ฀Gandhi. 13. Luthra, Indian฀Broadcasting, 274–75. 14. Basu, Introduction฀to฀the฀Constitution฀of฀India. 15. Ibid., 392. 16. Luthra, Indian฀Broadcasting, 434. 17. Mitra, Television฀in฀India. 18. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Major฀Recommendations฀of฀the฀ Working฀Group฀on฀Autonomy฀for฀Akashvani฀and฀Doordarshan (also known as the Verghese Committee Report). 19. Quoted in Shah, Hype,฀Hypocrisy฀and฀Television฀in฀Urban...