Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania, and the First Nations: The Treaties of 1736-62

Index

index Abraham (Mahican chief), 418; at 1757 Easton conferences, 282, 285–86; at 1758 conferences, 292, 294, 296, 298, 305, 308, 313–14, 323. See also Little Abraham Achoan (Munsee Lenape chief), 338, 352 Adirondack (nation), 169, 173, 413 adoption: of individuals, 122n11, 342, 392, 405n2, 407, 412–13; of nations, 140n4, 410; Native American philosophies of, 7, 223n2 Akwesasne, 410. See also praying Indians Alammapis. See Olumapies Alaska, 23. See also land releases: Myth of Iroquois Empire “release” (1744) Albany (town of), 33, 50, 60n2, 68, 92, 95, 98– 99, 103–4, 106, 142–43, 147n1, 293, 330; Congress , 33, 43n64; Plan of Union, 26–27, 33, 416; relocation in 1754 of council fire at, 344; as site of 1745 treaty, 29, 31, 123–24, 134, 136, 140n1, 140n6; as site of 1754 land sale, 268, 312, 315–16, 395; trade monopoly with the Mohawk nation, 15, 17 alcohol, 343, 346–47, 384; coercion to accept trade in, 170; enforcement against use at treaty conferences of, 365; problems caused by, 56–57, 59–60, 62n10, 174; regulation of, 57, 59, 62n10, 177n1, 331n1; requests to regulate, 170, 343, 346; requests to restrict use at treaty conferences of, 364; sale of, 177n1; trade use of, 57, 59–60, 170, 174, 177; use at treaty conferences of, 18, 44n88, 60, 61n5, 66–67, 81–83, 87, 108, 111, 115, 119, 139, 171, 174, 250, 288n2, 331, 365, 418–19 alcoholism, colonizing production of, 170, 177 Algonquin (nations north of St. Lawrence), 10, 84n9 Algonquin languages, 224n10, 410, 413, 417–18 Algonquin peoples, 2 Allegheny Hills, 162, 169, 268, 316, 395–96, 400 Allegheny Indians. See Ohio Valley, Indian nations of the Allegheny River, 18, 30, 33, 56–57, 59, 65, 100, 153, 163–64, 176, 301–3, 354, 373–74, 383–84 Allen, William, 17, 411 Allentown, 421. See also Fort Allen Allumapes. See Olumapies Amboy, 244 American Revolution, 27, 38, 417, 421; Supreme Executive Council of, 421 Amherst, General Jeffrey, 287n1 Anaquarunda, 248. See also Croghan, George Anaquateeka (a war chief of the Iroquois Confederacy), 282, 284–85, 288n3; speeches of, 285 Anawalleckon (Lenape leader), 329 Andaste. See Susquehannock Andros, Edmund, 11–12. See also New York: Governors of Anglicans, 222n1, 287n1, 412, 415, 417 Anglo-Iroquois alliance. See Chain of Friendship, Pennsylvania’s; Silver Covenant Chain Anglo-Saxons, 28. See also Franklin, Benjamin : “Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, &c”; race Annapolis, 119, 128. Also in text as AnnapolisRoyal 426 index Anoyiuts. See Oneida anti-Catholicism, 417. See also Smith, William antlers: in Iroquois peacetime chief installation ceremony, 176, 179n12 Anugh Kary Tany Tionen Hokorowy, 239, 416. See also Seneca Apess, William, 41n39. See also land: speculation Appalachia Mountains, 23, 98–99, 103–4, 174, 252, 316 approbation, reported expressions of, 147, 301 Aquila, Richard, 15, 38nn1–2, 41n34, 41n38, 44n74 armaments, requests for, 143, 163–64, 288n9, 311 Armstrong, James, 227, 229, 415 Armstrong, John (member of the Pennsylvania Assembly), 165 Armstrong, John (trader), 100, 108–9, 409, 415 Arndt, Jacob, 328, 421 Arnold, Woodward, 409 Aroas (Seneca warrior), 183, 414. See also Silver Heels Articles of Confederation, 26–27 Aschicanhcook (nation), 132 Ashbridge, George: at 1757 Lancaster conferences , 236–37, 239–40, 243, 246; at 1762 conferences, 360, 365, 368–69, 371, 375 Ashenoch (speaker for Jenochiaada), 336, 342, 354; speech delivered by, 354 Asheton, Ralph: at 1736 conferences, 49, 52, 54, 56; at 1742 conferences, 63, 68, 74–75. Also in text as Assheton Asopus, 75 Assaragoa, 87, 90, 97–99, 103, 106–7, 111, 114, 116–18, 162. See also Virginia, Governors of Assarandonguas (Onondaga chief), 291, 294, 296, 298, 304–5, 308, 313–14, 323; speeches of, 304 Assintzin, 313 Atlantic Ocean, 103, 106, 162, 355, 417 Atotarho (twelfth-century Onondaga chief), 4–6, 20, 38n4; as Flint, 4 Atsaningo. See Otseningo Attiwandaronks, 421 Attowawie, 131 Augus (Tuscarora chief), 359 Augustus. See Memenowal authority over Indian affairs, as residing at the federal level, 140n6 Awehela (Lenape chief), 322, 328, 330 Awicka, 397 Bacon’s Rebellion, 11 Bad Medicine Woman. See Sky Woman Bagley, Carol L., 41n52, 42n60, 44n76. See also Canasatego: assassination of Baird, Patrick, 84 Baltimore, Lord, 105, 107–8, 422 Bartram, John, 43n66 Bartram, William, 43n66 Baynton, John, 236–37, 239–40, 243, 246 beaver: blankets, as gift and mnemonic, 168, 173–74; coats, as gift and mnemonic, 53; skins, 152, 168; trade, in 103, 355 Beaver, or Beaver King. See Tamaqua Beaver Creek, 32, 162, 234 Bedford, 387, 390...