City of Clerks: Office and Sales Workers in Philadelphia, 1870-1920

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. “Biographical Sketch of Mr. T. James Fernley,” Peirce School Alumni Journal 1 (Apr.– May 1896): 95, Peirce College Archives (hereinafter PCA), acc. 1, ser. 6, box 2, Peirce College , Philadelphia; “The Quarter Century Club, Fifteen New Members to Be Initiated This Year,” Strawbridge & Clothier Store Chat 4 (Apr. 15, 1910): 111, Hagley Museum and Library, acc. 2117, ser. 7, box 60, Wilmington, Del.; “Biographical Sketches,” Peirce School Alumni Journal 2 (Oct.–Nov. 1896): 40–41, PCA, acc. 1, ser. 6, box 2. 2. An immense amount of labor history on the industrial-era working class exists. The most prominent general studies include Herbert G.Gutman,Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History (New York: Knopf, 1976); John T. Cumbler, Working-Class Community in Industrial America: Work, Leisure, and Struggle in Two Industrial Cities, 1880–1930 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979); Alice Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); and David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).On managers,see Alfred D.Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1977); Olivier Zunz,Making America Corporate, 1870–1920 (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1990); and Clark Davis, Company Men: White-Collar Life and Corporate Cultures in Los Angeles, 1892–1941 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000). Zunz examines primarily management, although he offers some discussion of office workers and traveling salesmen. Professionals have also been amply studied. For general studies, see Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York: Norton, 1978); Nathan O. Hatch, ed., The Professions in American History (Notre Dame, Ind.: Notre Dame University Press, 1988); Samuel Haber, The Quest for Authority and Honor in the American Professions, 1750–1900 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991). For information on professional women, see Barbara Harris, Beyond Her Sphere: Women and the Professions in American History (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1978); Regina Markell Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). Examples of studies on specific professions include Morton J. Horowitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1870–1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977); and Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: BasicBooks, 1982). Three excellent general studies on proprietors are Mansell G. Blackford,A History of Small Business in America (NewYork: Twane,1991); Stuart W. Bruchey, ed., Small Business in American Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980); and Ivan H. Light, Ethnic Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972). 3. Kenneth L. Kusmer, Down and Out, On the Road: The Homeless in American History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 118–19. 4. These figures were derived from Secretary of the Interior, The Statistics of the Population of the United States . . . (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1872), vol. 1, table 32, pp. 794–95; Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census, Occupations at the Twelfth Census, special reports (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1904), table 43, pp. 672–78; Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Population 1920, Occupations (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1923), vol. 4, table 2, pp. 1193–97. 5. See, for example, Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in the American Department Store, 1890–1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986); Stephen H. Norwood, Labor’s Flaming Youth: Telephone Operators and Worker Militancy, 1878–1923 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990); and Timothy B. Spears, 100 Years on the Road: The Traveling Salesman in American Culture (New Haven, Conn.:Yale University Press,1995); andVenus Green,Race on the Line: Gender, Labor, and Technology in the Bell System, 1880–1980 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001). 6. Ileen A. DeVault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-ofthe -Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990). 7. These include Margery W. Davies, Woman’s Place Is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870–1930 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982); and Lisa M. Fine,The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female ClericalWork in Chicago, 1870–1930 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990); Miriam Cohen, Workshop to Office: Two Generations of Italian Women in...