Pay for Play: A History of Big-Time College Athletic Reform

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Boston Daily Evening Transcript, August 10, 1852, p. 1; New York Herald, August 10, 1852, p. 2. 2. The English at Oxford and Cambridge Universities created intercollegiate athletics when the two institutions participated in a cricket match in 1827 and a crew meet in 1829; Ross, The Boat Race, 35. 3. Whiton, “The First Harvard-Yale Regatta (1852),” 286, 289. 4. New York Herald, August 10, 1852, p. 2. 5. As quoted in Lewis, “America’s First Intercollegiate Sport,” 639. 6. Harvard Advocate, December 17, 1880, p. 77. 7. “A Reply to the Statement of December 18th by the Committee on the Regulation of Athletic Sports of Harvard University, by the Princeton Advisory Committee and Foot Ball Managers, 24 February 1890,” General Athletics, Box 1, Princeton University Archives. 8. Friday and Hesburgh, Keeping Faith with the Student Athlete, 11. 9. Ibid., vii. 10. Charles W. Eliot, telegram to Chancellor Henry M. MacCracken, New York University, November 26, 1905, as quoted in New York Daily Tribune, November 29, 1905, p. 2. This was in response to MacCracken asking Eliot to head a conference to either reform or abolish football following the death of a Union College player in a game against New York University. Henry M. MacCracken, telegram to Charles W. Eliot, November 25, 1905, Eliot Papers, Box 227, Folder “MacCracken,” Harvard University Archives. For fuller accounts of the 1905–6 football crisis, see Smith, Sports and Freedom, 191–208; Watterson, College Football, 64–98; and Bernstein, Football, 67–92. 11. New York Times, November 27, 1905, p. 5. 12. Savage et al., American Colleges Athletics, 80. 13. American Council on Education, “Report of the Special Committee on Athletic Policy of the American Council on Education,” February 16, 1952; New York Times, November 25, 1951, in “Athletics,” 4/0/3, Box 70, University of Wisconsin-Madison Archives. 14. Hanford, An Inquiry into the Need for and Feasibility of a National Study of Intercollegiate Athletics, 28. 15. J. W. Peltason, ACE, to “Colleagues,” February 7, 1984, Chancellor’s Central File, Box 218, Folder “Athletics 1984–85,” University of Nebraska Archives. 16. Friday and Hesburgh, Keeping Faith with the Student-Athlete, 25. 17. Friday, Hesburgh, et al., “A Call to Action.” Nevertheless, the report stated: “But a determined and focused group of presidents acting together can transform the world of intercollegiate athletics.” Wishful thinking, written by a group, principally of ex-college 238 | notes to introduction and chapter 1 presidents, who had done little to reform athletics when they were in a position to do so as leaders of their institutions. 18. Insidehighered.com News, October 16, 2007. 19. Des Moines Register, April 21, 1999 and October 23, 1999; Minneapolis Star Tribune, October 23, 1999; Washington Post, October 23, 1999, D7; Baltimore Sun, October 24, 1999, E14; and Wall Street Journal, November 12, 1999, W7. 20. Coalition on Intercollegiate Athletics (COIA), “Framing the Future.” 21. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_45/c3857049 (accessed October 4, 2007). 22. Duderstadt, Intercollegiate Athletics and the American University, epilogue. 23. A major exception is that Division III schools do not give out “athletic scholarships.” However, they give out many scholarships to athletes, often athletes who could not get into the institutions by meeting usual academic standards. The best analyses of this phenomenon , using a massive amount of statistics, are found in two books: Shulman and Bowen, The Game of Life, and Bowen and Levin, Reclaiming the Game. 24. Institutions, large and small, accept commercial shoe and clothing contracts when they are available; schedule games that will bring in the largest number of spectators; willingly go on television and at times during the day and during the week that are convenient for commercial purposes, not educational purposes; accept questionable advertising, such as alcohol, when binge drinking is rampant; participate in NCAA-sponsored tournaments at educationally inappropriate times; offer naming rights for arenas and stadiums; expect that athletics will pay a significant portion of the cost of athletics, when almost nowhere else in the educational system are educational entities expected to meet educational expenses; pay their coaches more than their highly educated professors; and nearly universally accept athletes into their institutions who are not academically representative of the student body. Chapter 1. Student-Controlled Athletics and Early Reform 1. Camp, “College Athletics,” 139. 2. New York Herald, July 24, 1855, p. 3; George S. Mumford, “Rowing at Harvard,” in The H Book of Harvard Athletics, 1852–1922, ed. John A. Blanchard (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Varsity...