In this Book

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In Native but Foreign, historian Brenden W. Rensink presents an innovative comparison of indigenous peoples who traversed North American borders in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, examining Crees and Chippewas, who crossed the border from Canada into Montana, and Yaquis from Mexico who migrated into Arizona. The resulting history questions how opposing national borders affect and react differently to Native identity and offers new insights into what it has meant to be “indigenous” or an “immigrant.”

Rensink’s findings counter a prevailing theme in histories of the American West—namely, that the East was the center that dictated policy to the western periphery. On the contrary, Rensink employs experiences of the Yaquis, Crees, and Chippewas to depict Arizona and Montana as an active and mercurial blend of local political, economic, and social interests pushing back against and even reshaping broader federal policy. Rensink argues that as immediate forces in the borderlands molded the formation of federal policy, these Native groups moved from being categorized as political refugees to being cast as illegal immigrants, subject to deportation or segregation; in both cases, this legal transition was turbulent. Despite continued staunch opposition, Crees, Chippewas, and Yaquis gained legal and permanent settlements in the United States and successfully broke free of imposed transnational identities.

Accompanying the thought-provoking text, a vast guide to archival sources across states, provinces, and countries is included to aid future scholarship. Native but Foreign is an essential work for scholars of immigration, indigenous peoples, and borderlands studies.

Table of Contents

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  1. Cover
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  1. Half Title, Title Page, Copyright, Dedication
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  1. Contents
  2. pp. vii-viii
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  1. List of Illustrations
  2. pp. ix-x
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  1. Foreword
  2. Sterling Evans
  3. pp. xi-xii
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  1. Acknowledgments
  2. pp. xiii-xvi
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  1. Prologue
  2. pp. 1-6
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  1. Introduction. Comparing the US-Canadian and US-Mexican Borderlands and the Transnational Natives Who Crossed Them
  2. pp. 7-20
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  1. Part 1. Homelands, Transnational Worlds, Labor, and Border Encounters
  2. pp. 21-24
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  1. Chapter 1. Crees, Chippewas, and Yaquis in Early Transnational Contexts
  2. pp. 25-37
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  1. Chapter 2. Transnational Encounters and Evolving Prejudice in Montana and Arizona, 1800–1900
  2. pp. 38-50
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  1. Part 2. Native Peoples as “Foreign” Refugees and Immigrants
  2. pp. 51-52
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  1. Chapter 3. Yaqui Refugees and American Response, 1880s–1910s
  2. pp. 53-70
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  1. Chapter 4. Cree Refugees and American Response, 1885–1888
  2. pp. 71-94
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  1. Part 3. Native Struggles to Make American Homelands
  2. pp. 95-98
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  1. Chapter 5. Crees in Limbo and Deportation, 1889–1900
  2. pp. 99-118
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  1. Chapter 6. Arizona Yaquimi and Integration in the United States, 1900s–1950s
  2. pp. 119-141
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  1. Chapter 7. Yaqui Legality and Belonging in Arizona, 1900–1950s
  2. pp. 142-161
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  1. Chapter 8. Cree and Chippewa Attempts at Permanent Montana Settlement, 1900–1908
  2. pp. 162-178
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  1. Part 4. New Allies, New Efforts, and Final Resolutions
  2. pp. 179-182
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  1. Chapter 9. Cree and Chippewa Legislative Battles and Victories, 1908–1916
  2. pp. 183-198
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  1. Chapter 10. Yaqui Struggle for Land and Federal Tribal Recognition, 1962–1980
  2. pp. 199-218
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  1. Epilogue
  2. pp. 219-222
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  1. Notes
  2. pp. 223-278
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  1. Bibliography
  2. pp. 279-292
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  1. Index
  2. pp. 293-300
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