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Despite great ferment and activity among historians of science in recent years, the history of physiology after 1850 has received little attention. Gerald Geison makes an important contribution to our knowledge of this neglected area by investigating the achievements of English physiologists at the Cambridge School from 1870 to 1900. He describes individual scientists, their research, the scientific issues affecting their work, and socio-institutional influences on the group. He pays special attention to the personality and contributions of Michael Foster, founding father of the Cambridge School. Foster's specific research interest was the origin of the rhythmic heartbeat, and the author contends that the school itself descended from and developed around this concern.

Originally published in 1978.

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Table of Contents

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  1. Cover
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  1. Title Page, Frontispiece, Copyright, Dedication
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  1. Contents
  2. pp. vii-x
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  1. Preface
  2. pp. xi-xv
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  1. Acknowledgments
  2. pp. xvi-xx
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  1. Abbreviations
  2. p. xxi
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  1. Part One: The Background: Foster and English Physiology, 1840-1870
  1. 1. Introduction
  2. pp. 3-12
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  1. 2. The StagnancyofEnglishPhysiology,1840-1870
  2. pp. 13-47
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  1. 3. Foster on His Way to Cambridge
  2. pp. 48-78
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  1. Part Two: The Institutional Framework for Foster's Achievement
  1. 4. Foster Meets Cambridge:Trinity College, University Reform, andthe Rise of Laboratory Science
  2. pp. 81-115
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  1. 5. The Transformation of Biologyin Late Victorian Cambridge:Foster, Huxley, and the Introductionof Laboratory Biology in England
  2. pp. 116-147
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  1. 6. The Rise of Physiologyin Late Victorian Cambridge:Ways and Means, 1870-1883
  2. pp. 148-190
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  1. Part Three: The Problem of the Heartbeat and the Rise of the Cambridge School
  1. 7. Foster as Research Physiologist:The Problem of the Heartbeat
  2. pp. 193-235
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  1. 8. The Problem of the Heartbeat andthe Rise of the Cambridge School
  2. pp. 236-267
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  1. 9. The Maturation of the Cambridge School:Gaskell's Resolution of the Problemof the Heartbeat, 1881-1883
  2. pp. 268-296
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  1. Part Four: Denouement and Conclusion
  1. 10. The Growth and Consolidation of theCambridge School, 1883-1903:Foster in His More Familiar Entrepreneurial Role
  2. pp. 299-327
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  1. 11. Concluding Reflections
  2. pp. 328-364
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  1. APPENDIX I. Foster as "Inefficient Teacher": The Debate over Clinical Teaching at Cambridge
  2. pp. 365-366
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  1. APPENDIX II. Institutional Loci of Research Published in the Journal of Physiology, 1878-1900 (vols. 1-25)¹
  2. pp. 367-369
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  1. APPENDIX III. Cambridge Graduates and Faculty Who Published Articles in the Journal of Physiology, 1878-19001
  2. pp. 370-375
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  1. APPENDIX IV. Cambridge University Positions in Physiology, 1870-1910¹
  2. pp. 376-377
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  1. APPENDIX V. Cambridge University Positions in Zoology, Comparative Anatomy, and Morphology, 1870-1910¹
  2. pp. 378-379
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  1. APPENDIX VI. Cambridge University Positions in Pathology, Bacteriology, Biology, and Pharmacology, 1870-1910¹
  2. p. 380
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  1. APPENDIX VII. Cambridge University Positions in Botany, 1870-1910¹
  2. p. 381
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  1. APPENDIX VIII. Cambridge University Positions in Other Related Fields: Medicine, Anatomy, Agriculture, Ethnology, Anthropology, and Experimental Psychology, 1870-1910¹
  2. pp. 382-384
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  1. Index of Authors Cited in Footnotes
  2. pp. 385-388
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  1. General Index
  2. pp. 389-402
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