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As the Holocaust passes out of living memory, future generations will no longer come face-to-face with Holocaust survivors. But the lessons of that terrible period in history are too important to let slip past. How Was It Possible?, edited and introduced by Peter Hayes, provides teachers and students with a comprehensive resource about the Nazi persecution of Jews. Deliberately resisting the reflexive urge to dismiss the topic as too horrible to be understood intellectually or emotionally, the anthology sets out to provide answers to questions that may otherwise defy comprehension.
 
This anthology is organized around key issues of the Holocaust, from the historical context for antisemitism to the impediments to escaping Nazi Germany, and from the logistics of the death camps and the carrying out of genocide to the subsequent struggles of the displaced survivors in the aftermath.
 
Prepared in cooperation with the Jewish Foundation for the Righteous, this anthology includes contributions from such luminaries as Jean Ancel, Saul Friedlander, Tony Judt, Alan Kraut, Primo Levi, Robert Proctor, Richard Rhodes, Timothy Snyder, and Susan Zuccotti. Taken together, the selections make the ineffable fathomable and demystify the barbarism underlying the tragedy, inviting readers to learn precisely how the Holocaust was, in fact, possible.

Table of Contents

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  1. Cover
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  1. Title Page, Copyright Page
  2. pp. i-iv
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  1. Contents
  2. pp. v-ix
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  1. List of Illustrations
  2. p. x
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  1. Foreword
  2. Harvey Schulweis
  3. pp. xi-xii
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  1. Introduction
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. xiii-xiv
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  1. Editorial Note
  2. pp. xv-xvi
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  1. Chapter 1. The Context: Introduction
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. 1-5
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  1. Antisemitism
  2. Robert S. Wistrich
  3. pp. 6-17
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  1. Racism
  2. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann
  3. pp. 18-29
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  1. Contradictions in Central Europe
  2. Amos Elon
  3. pp. 30-52
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  1. Germany’s Turmoil, 1918– 1933
  2. Klaus P. Fischer
  3. pp. 53-83
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  1. The Interwar Jewish Heartland
  2. Ezra Mendelsohn
  3. pp. 84-106
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  1. Chapter 2. Nazism in Power
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. 107-110
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  1. Elite Cooperation
  2. Eckart Conze, Norbert Frei, Peter Hayes, and Moshe Zimmermann
  3. pp. 111-117
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  1. Street-Level Coercion
  2. Sebastian Haffner
  3. pp. 118-128
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  1. The Claims of Community
  2. Thomas Kühne
  3. pp. 129-143
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  1. Aryanization
  2. Avraham Barkai
  3. pp. 144-171
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  1. Talk of “Annihilation”: Ernst von Weizsäcker’s Remarks to a Swiss Diplomat, November 15, 1938, from Documents Diplomatiques Suisses
  2. pp. 172-174
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  1. Chapter 3. Impediments to Escape
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. 175-179
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  1. The United States and Refugees, 1933– 1940
  2. Richard Breitman and Alan M. Kraut
  3. pp. 180-190
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  1. France: From Hospitality to Hostility
  2. Eugen Weber
  3. pp. 191-199
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  1. The Unreceptive British Empire
  2. Louise London
  3. pp. 200-217
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  1. Switzerland
  2. Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland— Second World War
  3. pp. 218-221
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  1. Palestine
  2. Rebecca Boehling and Uta Larkey
  3. pp. 222-235
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  1. Going and Staying
  2. Marion Kaplan
  3. pp. 236-254
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  1. Chapter 4. The New Order in Europe
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. 255-259
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  1. Culling the German Volk
  2. Robert N. Proctor
  3. pp. 260-270
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  1. Rearranging Populations
  2. Götz Aly and Suzanne Heim
  3. pp. 271-284
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  1. Racial War in the East
  2. Timothy Snyder
  3. pp. 285-300
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  1. Plunder, Individual and Governmental
  2. Götz Aly
  3. pp. 301-314
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  1. Forced Labor
  2. Ulrich Herbert
  3. pp. 315-330
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  1. Chapter 5. Jews in the Nazi Grip
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. 331-335
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  1. Indirect Rule
  2. Isaiah Trunk
  3. pp. 336-348
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  1. Isolation and Impoverishment
  2. Chaim Kaplan
  3. pp. 349-357
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  1. Choiceless Choices
  2. Gordon J. Horwitz
  3. pp. 358-370
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  1. Leaving a Record
  2. Samuel D. Kassow
  3. pp. 371-386
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  1. Nothing to Lose
  2. Yisrael Gutman
  3. pp. 387-401
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  1. Women Slave Laborers
  2. FelicJa Karay
  3. pp. 402-411
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  1. Robbery in the Netherlands
  2. Martin Dean
  3. pp. 412-424
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  1. Chapter 6. The German Killers and Their Methods
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. 425-429
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  1. Deciding to Kill
  2. Mark Roseman
  3. pp. 430-446
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  1. Bringing Death to Jews
  2. Richard Rhodes
  3. pp. 447-462
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  1. Bringing Jews to Death
  2. Raul Hilberg
  3. pp. 463-480
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  1. Political Soldiers
  2. Edward B. Westermann
  3. pp. 481-494
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  1. The Fates of Gypsies
  2. Yehuda Bauer
  3. pp. 495-505
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  1. Camp Labor
  2. Primo Levi
  3. pp. 506-512
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  1. The Final Frenzy
  2. Daniel Blatman
  3. pp. 513-526
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  1. Chapter 7. Collaboration and Its Limits
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. 527-531
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  1. Poland: The Blue Police
  2. Jan Grabowski
  3. pp. 532-544
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  1. Romania: Annihilation Aborted
  2. Jean Ancel
  3. pp. 545-569
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  1. Vichy France: “Our” Jews and the Rest
  2. Saul Friedländer
  3. pp. 570-587
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  1. The Italian Paradox
  2. Susan Zuccotti
  3. pp. 588-598
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  1. The Hungarian Paroxysm
  2. Randolph L. Braham
  3. pp. 599-612
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  1. Papal Priorities
  2. Michael Phayer
  3. pp. 613-631
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  1. Self-Serving Switzerland
  2. Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland— Second World War
  3. pp. 632-642
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  1. Chapter 8. Rescuing Jews— Means and Obstacles
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. 643-647
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  1. The Kovno Connection
  2. Jonathan Goldstein
  3. pp. 648-657
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  1. The Good German of Vilna
  2. Michael Good
  3. pp. 658-674
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  1. Collective Action in Vivarais-Lignon
  2. Patrick Henry
  3. pp. 675-687
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  1. The Hidden Jews of Warsaw
  2. Gunnar S. Paulsson
  3. pp. 688-707
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  1. Saving Jewish Children in Belgium
  2. Bob Moore
  3. pp. 708-721
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  1. American Inhibitions
  2. Richard Breitman and Alan M. Kraut
  3. pp. 722-734
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  1. Sweden Expands Asylum
  2. Paul A. Levine
  3. pp. 735-752
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  1. Chapter 9. Aftermath
  2. Peter Hayes
  3. pp. 753-756
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  1. Survivors
  2. Mark Wyman
  3. pp. 757-774
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  1. Zion’s Ambivalence
  2. Tom Segev
  3. pp. 775-788
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  1. America’s Incomprehension
  2. Beth B. Cohen
  3. pp. 789-800
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  1. The Great Reversal
  2. Tony Judt
  3. pp. 801-820
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  1. The Pathology of Denial
  2. Richard J. Evans
  3. pp. 821-841
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  1. Restitution and Its Discontents
  2. Michael R. Marrus
  3. pp. 842-865
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  1. After Such Knowledge
  2. Eva Hoffman
  3. pp. 866-868
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  1. List of Abbreviations
  2. pp. 869-870
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  1. Source Acknowledgments
  2. pp. 871-874
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  1. Index
  2. pp. 875-904
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