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The “long twelfth century”—1050 to 1215—embraces one of the transformative moments in European history: the point, for some, at which Europe first truly became “Europe.” Historians have used the terms “renaissance,” “reformation,” and “revolution” to account for the dynamism of intellectual, religious, and structural renewal manifest across schools, monasteries, courts, and churches. Complicating the story, more recent historical work has highlighted manifestations of social crisis and oppression. In European Transformations: The Long Twelfth Century, nineteen accomplished medievalists examine this pivotal era under the rubric of “transformation”: a time of epoch-making change both good and ill, a release of social and cultural energies that proved innovative and yet continuous with the past. Their collective reappraisal, although acknowledging insights gained from over a century of scholarship, fruitfully adjusts the questions and alters the accents. In addition to covering such standard regions as England and France, and such standard topics as feudalism and investiture, the contributors also address Scandinavia, Iberia, and Eastern Europe, women’s roles in medieval society, Jewish and Muslim communities, law and politics, and the complexities of urban and rural situations. With their diverse and challenging contributions, the authors offer a new point of departure for students and scholars attempting to grasp the dynamic puzzle of twelfth-century Europe.

Table of Contents

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  1. Title Page
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  1. Contents
  2. pp. v-vii
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  1. Abbreviations
  2. pp. ix-x
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  1. Acknowledgments
  2. p. xi
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  1. Introduction
  2. pp. 1-16
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  1. One. The Twelfth Century: Reading, Reason, and Revolt in a World of Custom
  2. pp. 17-44
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  1. Two. A Historian of the Twelfth-Century Renaissance and the Transformation of English Society, 1066–ca. 1200
  2. pp. 45-74
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  1. Three. Chivalric One-Upmanship in France, ca. 1100
  2. pp. 75-92
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  1. Four. Reconquest, Renaissance, and the Histories of Iberia, ca. 1000–1200
  2. pp. 93-116
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  1. Five. Italy in the Long Twelfth Century: Ecclesiastical Reform and the Legitimization of a New Political Order, 1059–1183
  2. pp. 117-131
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  1. Six. Sutri 1046—Canossa 1077—Rome 1111: Problems of Communication and the Perception of Neighbors
  2. pp. 132-170
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  1. Seven. The Europeanization of Europe: The Case of Scandinavia
  2. pp. 171-193
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  1. Eight. Ambiguous Beginnings: East Central Europe in the Making, 950–1200
  2. pp. 194-228
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  1. Nine. Lords, Markets, and Communities: The Urban Revolution of the Twelfth Century
  2. pp. 229-258
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  1. Ten. Peasants, the Seigneurial Regime, and Serfdom in the Eleventh to Thirteenth Centuries
  2. pp. 259-278
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  1. Eleven. Clothing, Iron, and Timber: The Growth of Christian Anxiety about Islam in the Long Twelfth Century
  2. pp. 279-313
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  1. Twelve. Continuity and Change in Twelfth-Century Christian-Jewish Relations
  2. pp. 314-337
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  1. Thirteen. The Legal Revolution of the Twelfth Century
  2. pp. 338-353
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  1. Fourteen. Liminalities: Literate Women in the Long Twelfth Century
  2. pp. 354-402
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  1. Fifteen. Philosophy and Theology
  2. pp. 403-425
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  1. Sixteen. Semiotic Anthropology: The Twelfth-Century Approach
  2. pp. 426-467
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  1. Seventeen. Three-in-One: Making God in Twelfth-Century Liturgy, Theology, and Devotion
  2. pp. 468-498
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  1. Eighteen. John of Salisbury, a Philosopher of the Long Eleventh Century
  2. pp. 499-520
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  1. Contributors
  2. pp. 521-523
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  1. Index
  2. pp. 524-562
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