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BOoK n:mvrmws 601 demonstrates the editor's inability or unwillingness to grasp the unifying dialectic of Kierkegaard's work. He restricts himself to haphazard remarks on themes essential to this dialectic, often appropriate but mostly extrinsic to Kierkegaard's own development. He states, by way of conclusion, that Kierkegaard's thought can be of help to a believer in an a-religious intellectual climate. But he never quite decided whether he wanted to pursue the religious problematic of the modern Christian or the dialectic of Kierkegaard (as he promised). The initiated reader will find his way through these texts without profiting much from presentation or introduction . The beginner will receive an equally small amount of enlightenment from the editor, if he ever attempts to reach, beyond mere" reading," an understanding of Kierkegaard's inner dialectic. Georgetown University Washington, D. 0. Louis DuPRE Moral Knowledge and its Methodology in Aristotle. By J. DoNALD MoNAN. New York: The University of Oxford Press, 1968. Pp. 163. $5.50. The general aim of the book is to focus upon the methodology of moral knowledge as Aristotle presents it in the Protrepticus, the Nicomachean Ethics, and the Eudemian Ethics. Dr. Monan abstracts a dual focus in the three works: on the one side, there is what Aristotle explicitly states moral knowledge to be; on the other, there is an implicit doctrine of moral knowledge in the argumentation actually employed. In the Protrepticus we are confronted with two life-ideals: the intellectualistic (contemplation or thought) and the activistic (civics, politics, and/or conduct). Each ideal has its basis in a different psychology: thE' former identifies man with nous; the latter views man as an honorable animal. The attempt to unify these two teleologically is unsuccessful. When this work is viewed implicitly, we find that the "justification of a life-ideal consists in a reflection upon common opinion and upon pre-philosophic , affective experiences of value." (p. 34) In the Nicomachean Ethics moral k:10wledge is based upon praxis and phronesis (practical wisdom) which is grounded in demonstration, induction , and intellectual intuition. The general result is that the teleological unification of action and value is only partially successful. The implicit doctrine illustrates that an experimental base is employed for value analysis; it is conveyed through the ordinary use of value-language and its rationalization. The same duality of method is encountered in his analysis of happiness. 602 BOOK REVIEWS Aristotle says that it can be based on the common opmwn of the many or it can be psychologically deduced from the proper function of man. In effect, he explicitly bases his argumentation on the former and implicitly grounds it in the latter. Since the Eudemian Ethics closely parallels the Nicomachean Ethics, attention now is given only to the implicit doctrine used in the treatise. The basic difference is that while the NE defines man in terms of nons, the EE is less rationalistic, conceiving man in terms of psyche. EE's analysis of happiness, then, looks towards integrating the intellectual and moral virtues in a concrete vein. The style of the book is difficult; the general thesis seems plausible and should spark some serious discussion. St. Mary's University San Antonio, Texas LAURENCE ZIMMERMANN Foundations of Theory. By WILLIAM YouNG. Nutley. N.J.: Craig Press, 1967. Pp. 13!i!. $3.75. Many a professional philosopher has had the experience, in the reading of countless articles in philosophical journals, of saying to himself: yes, you are correct, but only if I grant you your suppressed premises. These are required by your argument but are questionable. You assume what is most debatable and beg the question. Professor Young wants to avoid this, and hence he poses for himself the problem of the ultimate justification of Theoretical Thought. " This study envisages the question of logical rather than factual presuppositions of Theoretical Thought, the warrant for assurance that Theoretical Thought is valid rather than the de facto conditions of the existence of Theoretical Thought." (p. VIII) The book is small, but the quality is excellent. The author always gets down to fundamentals. He does not use the term " theory " to cover up problems. He devotes one chapter to the analysis...

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