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232 THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO QUARTERLY their effort to state the case fairly and not to shirk the difficulties.' But it is upon these difficulties that enemy propaganda, secret and avowed, has thriven. So the publishers were wise to include a pamphlet, by E. H. Carr, on Propaganda in International Politics (no. 16), in which the demon is pretty successfully exorcised. Granted, he says in effect, that propaganda is omnipresent (and that we have no choice but to join in the game); still it labours under three inevitable limitations: it is not an independent weapon but one whose effectiveness rests in measure on its be~ng coupled with the power, military, economic, or diplomatic, that wins victories; secondlYJ it is limited by the facts, which cannot in the long run be defied, and thirdly, by "the inherent strain of idealism in human ~ature)" which cannot with impunity be outraged. The Nazis' most persistent effort at propaganda outside the Reich has turned 011 the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and its supposed inconsistency with President Wilson's Fourteen Points. Accordingly, one of the most important pamphlets (no. 6) is G. M. Gathorne-Hardy's careful comparison of the two documents, which (without quite annihilating) gravely damages the German case. With even greater success J. L. Brierly is able to deal with a later bogey, the cry of Encirclement (no. 12). The policy of encirclement, he says, is very real; but it is an engine not of aggression but of defence, and of defence from an aggressive policy of encirclement, pursued by Germany on her own account against Czechoslovakia, with her axis-partner against France, and with her new ally against Poland. . It is a pity that this able pamphlet cannot be read where alone the myth of Britain's aggressive de.signs against Germany is believed. Three other pamphlets would also do most good in that quaster, but are of value in clearing difficulties felt. perhaps by oUTselves and others. They are: Sir Arthur Salter's elaboration on Lord Halifax's phrase, The Dual Policy (no. 11); secondly, H. D. Henderson's Colonies and Raw Materials (no. 7), which decisively separates the two issues in a peaceful economy, and adds the irrefutable case against entrusting native populations to those who hold the Nazis' views on superior and inferior races and have their criminal record of exploitation and oppression; and, finally, R. R. Kuczynski's "Living-space" and Population Problems (no. 8), which lIn one instance at least, the reader should prepare himself for somethiog of a shock: E. H. Hudson, in his Turluy, Cruce and Iht Eosltr7J MtdiJtrrantan (no. 9), is ruthLess in showing the degree to which Britain was drawn into the C'ame of power politics in that area. 232 THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO QUARTERLY their effort to state the case fairly and not to shirk the difficulties.' But it is upon these difficulties that enemy propaganda, secret and avowed, has thriven. So the publishers were wise to include a pamphlet, by E. H. Carr, on Propaganda in International Politics (no. 16), in which the demon is pretty successfully exorcised. Granted, he says in effect, that propaganda is omnipresent (and that we have no choice but to join in the game); still it labours under three inevitable limitations: it is not an independent weapon but one whose effectiveness rests in measure on its be~ng coupled with the power, military, economic, or diplomatic, that wins victories; secondlYJ it is limited by the facts, which cannot in the long run be defied, and thirdly, by "the inherent strain of idealism in human ~ature)" which cannot with impunity be outraged. The Nazis' most persistent effort at propaganda outside the Reich has turned 011 the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and its supposed inconsistency with President Wilson's Fourteen Points. Accordingly, one of the most important pamphlets (no. 6) is G. M. Gathorne-Hardy's careful comparison of the two documents, which (without quite annihilating) gravely damages the German case. With even greater success J. L. Brierly is able to deal with a later bogey, the cry of Encirclement (no. 12). The policy of encirclement, he says, is very real; but it...

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