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humanities 543 university of toronto quarterly, volume 72, number 1, winter 2002/3 rejected categorically the >beau risque= adventure. Their resignations in late November 1984 precipitated Lévesque=s resignation on 20 June 1985. The PQ=s fracture guaranteed its defeat at the hands of Robert Bourassa=s increasingly neo-nationalistic Liberal party, one intent on extracting a new constitutional deal from Mulroney. In the wake of Lévesque=s death on 1 November 1987, the militants, under Parizeau=s leadership, seized control of the PQ. Skilfully exploiting the defeat of the Mulroney/Bourassa constitutional deals of 1987 and 1992, Parizeau led the PQ back to power in September 1994. A year later, with the backing of Lucien Bouchard, the PQ came within fifty-four thousand votes of winning their second referendum on secession from Canada. Lucien Bouchard became PQ leader and premier in January 1997, but could not, despite Ottawa=s Clarity Bill outlining the conditions for any future referendum on secession, rekindle the drive for independence. He resigned and was replaced by Bernard Landry, who is attempting to keep Lévesque=s dream alive. One can only hope that Fraser will write a far more comprehensive account of the fall, rise, and eventual demise of the PQ after 1985. This would help students of Quebec and Canadian history to appreciate the long term impact of Lévesque and the PQ secessionist movement on both Quebec and Canadian society. (MICHAEL D. BEHIELS) Rob McRae and Don Hubert, editors, Human Security and the New Diplomacy McGill-Queen=s University Press. xxii, 280. $75.00, $27.95 This book is, in effect, the festchrift penned by Professor Lloyd Axworthy=s brightest diplomatic students to codify and commemorate his achievements as Canada=s minister of foreign affairs from 1996 to 2001. Its twenty-six major contributions discuss in detail what Axworthy and his team did, and what got done, in a wide range of >human security= areas. It thus allows the reader to evaluate what desirable and durable difference Axworthy and his soulmates actually made on their watch. For those bracing for an outpouring of self-important self-congratulation, there is a most welcome and valuable surprise. What comes is a sober, straightforward story of how Canadian diplomats and their minister worked thanklessly, with determination, creativity, and effectiveness, to build a better world. The book thus goes a long way to demystifying the prevailing wisdom about just what Axworthy=s legacy really was. Left-liberal ideologues, aging Pearsonian party warhorses, and well-meaning NGOs have long claimed Axworthy as one of their own, preaching that the convention on antipersonnel land mines and soft power was the very best that Axworthy and a mild-mannered, middle-power Canada could do. But as this book convincingly shows, Axworthy=s one true passion was saving lives in large 544 letters in canada 2001 university of toronto quarterly, volume 72, number 1, winter 2002/3 volume, by taking on the biggest issues, and by using whatever instruments soft or hard, and whatever international institutions old or new, would get the job done. In the chapter on Axworthy=s finest hour, Paul Heinbecker and Rob McRae show how Canada joined with Britain to lead a reluctant G8 and NATO into initiating a military attack on the sovereign state of Yugoslavia to stop the unfolding genocide in its province of Kosovo, while the United Nations Security Council stood immobilized by its 1945 charter and veto, and while the Lysoen Group of little countries was busy deciding what its name would be. With Yugoslavian dictator Milosevic now on trial for war crimes, the chapters on the International Criminal Court are especially useful in highlighting how Axworthy=s Canada succeeded in creating new international law and institutions even when entrenched UNbased rules and United States power stood strongly opposed. Good professors succeed not only by thinking and acting for themselves, but also by bringing out the best in their best students. Here too, the book shows, Lloyd had the magic touch, and had some of the best Canadian diplomats in the country=s history with which to work. Despite a dismal decade of constant downsizing and domestic distraction, Canada=s...

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