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Reviews 153 next article, and also of the ninth, which looks at the crusade of the shepherds in 1251. Article Six returns to the Templars in a wise rebuttal of the association of the Shroud of Turin with the order. The way in which Philip IV saw the world is the subject of the seventh article. The eigth continues this theme and explores the social context of the Templars. While not specifically on the Order of the Temple, the tenth article does discuss the vexing problem of just what those in the West thought about Frankish Greece in the thirteenth century. It is an excellent background to any study of the area, or of interaction or hatred between Latins and Greeks in the region. Article Twelve is a masterful examination of what role the Templars played in supplying the crusader states, whilst the thirteenth article discusses the role of the Order of St Lazarus in the crusades. Many of the Variorum reprints do not have a unified index, making them rather difficult to consult. This volume has been provided with an excellent one, primarily to persons and places, though also to important themes. In the 'Addenda', Barber corrects any errors which have come to bght in more recent studies, and also adds other works to the bibliographical details for each article. Barber has provided a marvellous collection in this volume. Any crusades historian, historian of the Latin East, or specialist in heresy or the military orders would omit this material at his or her peril. The exhaustive notes, especially to primary sources, make these articles a veritable treasure trove. Anne Gilmour-Bryson Department of History University of Melbourne Bloch, R. Howard and Stephen G. Nichols, ed., Medievalism and the Modernist Temper, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996; cloth; pp. 504; R.R.P. US$60.00 (cloth), US$19.95 (paper). Word is out: something is happening in French medieval literature.' In 1983, Alexandre Leupin opened his study in Diacritics ot the work of Roger Dragonetti, 'The Middle Ages, the Other', with this 154 Reviews announcement. H e went on to draw attention to the potential of medieval literature 'to ask us quite relevant questions in some of our o w n most recently named fields'. In retrospect, Leupin's diagnosis of a n e w movement in medieval studies was accurate; the field has been transformed in the last fifteen or so years. But it's questionable if the impact of the so-called 'New Medievalism' on other fields has been quite so great. W h y else do its proponents feel compelled constantly to proclaim its o w n newness? W h e n R. Howard Bloch and Stephen G. Nichols introduce their recent collection of essays, Medievalism and the Modernist Temper, they begin by repeating Leupin's opening gambit: 'Word's out. There's something exciting going on in medieval studies, and maybe in the Renaissance too'. This preoccupation with its own innovation suggests that far from simply diagnosing the relations between the modernity of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and medievalism, the n e w philology or new medievalism is more accurately seen, itself, as another form of modernism. In their introduction, Bloch and Nichols usefully characterise some of the crucial moments and texts in the revivification of medieval studies, particularly French literary medieval studies, but the main focus of the collection is less on the re-reading of medieval texts than on the history of medieval studies, and the self-reflexivity that potentially emerges from such study. The collection is positioned as a 'history of medievalisms aimed at exploring- the ways in which medieval studies have been determined by the specific ideological or local, nationalistic or religious, political or personal interests of those w h o have shaped them'. There are sixteen essays in this collection which carry out these explorations from a variety of angles, although it must be said that the personal angle predominates over the institutional: the nineteenth century is examined and presented primarily through the work of influential individuals. The personal is always interesting, of course, and a number of essays acknowledge, with greater and lesser degrees of irony...

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