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Reviews 169 film When Harry Met Sally. Its flamboyant style will not disappoint Garber's admirers. All the authors provide an abundance of notes and references for further reading and there is a good index. Ann Blake School of English La Trobe University Forey, Alan, Military Orders and Crusades (Variorum Collected Studies), Aldershot, Variorum, 1994; cloth; pp. viii, 318; R.R.P. £47.50. Scholars of the Crusades and the Military Orders will welcome the appearance in one place of thirteen articles by Alan, Forey previously published between 1973 and 1991 in specialist journals in Spain, the U.K. and America, including Speculum, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Viator, Studia Monastica, Traditio, English Historical Review and Durham University Journal. It presents the usual flaws inherent in this series: some pages have very small and pale print, the original page numbering is used, making it somewhat confusing, but it does have an excellent comprehensive index. All articles are well written, clear, exhaustively footnoted to primary sources, making an original contribution to the area. The frequent use of untranslated Latin quotes makes the articles not entirely suitable for undergraduate use. Certain articles are fundamental: In 'Emergence of the Military Order', Forey dismisses the notion that the military orders issue from Arabic origin, firmly stating that the origin is basically western in nature. 'Recruitment to the Military Orders' sets out the differing requirements for entry to the various orders. The main c o m m o n principle was that those wishing to enter an order should be freemen. A discussion of motives for entry follows. 'Novitiate and Instruction in the Military Orders' discusses the vexing question of which orders had a fixed period of novitiate and which did not. 'The Military Orders and Holy W a r against Christians in the Thirteenth Century' explicitly examines the role of orders specially formed to combat heresy. The military orders too, of course, were often ordered to assist in this work. Other articles present precise detail on specific questions: 'Women and the Military Orders in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries' explains the 17Q Reviews errors in the belief that some military orders (the OSJJ in particular) used w o m e n as hospital nurses. W o m e n were not normally present in the Templar order, existed in the Teutonic order, and were restricted to their non-hospital role in the OSJJ. 'The Military Orders and the Spanish Reconquest in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries' describes the work undertaken by the orders in Spain. Understandably, the major thrust of the Templars and the Hospitallers was in the Holy Land. 'The Military Orders and the Ransoming of Captives from Islam' delves into a little-understood area. It is often stated that the Templars, for example, were forbidden to ransom captives, but all orders seem to have engaged in this activity at least sporadically, with some of the Spanish orders specialising in this work. 'The Military Orders in the Crusading Proposals of the Late-Thirteenth and Early-Fourteenth Centuries' shows how the major orders were often blamed for the loss of the Latin Kingdom. It was then only natural that these proposals usually did not allow the Templars or Hospitallers to play the main role. 'The Crusading V o w s of the English King Henry IIP suggests that the king has been maligned with relation to his unfulfilled crusading vows. Valid reasons existed for his remaining behind in England. The third group illuminates some little-known details with regard to certain orders: 'The Militarisation of the Hospital of St. John' proposes an earlier date than many have put forth for the OSJJ's transition to a military function. By the 1160s evidence of military activity exists, though the papal scribes took much longer to change their description of the order in papal documents. 'Constitutional Conflict and Change in the Hospital of St. John during the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries' succinctly explains who held power and how it was used according to the Rule and Statutes of the order. 'The Order of Mountjoy' provides a clear and detailed overview of this largely unsuccessful order which was absorbed by the Order of the Temple in the mid...

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