Logic in linguistics By Jens Allwood, Lars-Gunnar Andersson, and Osten Dahl (review)

492 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 58, NUMBER 2 (1982) and stress are all expressed visually. However, this does not mean that tty conversations are devoid of warmth. Distinct sequencing rules exist for opening and closing a tty conversation, and for leave-takings during such a conversation . These conversations are rich in plays on words and sarcasm; and bilingual Deaf often code-switch between the word order and vocabulary of English and that of American Sign Language (ASL). Hearing who use tty's are outsiders utilizing a tool that is part of Deaf culture, rather than Hearing culture, and often do not discern the cultural values inherent in the tool. Again, B's statement that 'the sign vocabulary is relatively small and relatively specific' reflects a common misunderstanding of ASL. Hearing do not often perceive differences in ASL between noun and verb pairs. For example , the ASL signs 'chair' (N) and 'sit' (V) differ only in movement: the noun has movement downward occurring twice, while the verb has a single movement downward. Hearing may mistakenly think that ASL does not differentiate between nouns and verbs in these pairs because they do not know how ASL phonological parameters interact. Sign vocabulary has in fact been found to be quite rich. Naive Hearing signers often look for single sign-to-word correspondences ; however, ASL utilizes compounding more than English, especially for recent technological inventions and recently introduced cultural items. Examples of such compounding occur in signs like 'sister', 'brother', 'anniversary', and 'epidemic'. B's claim that ASL is specific should not suggest that interlocutors are limited in their conversations to their immediate environment. Because it is a language, ASL has displacement. Because it is a visual language, it is able to use indexing for grammatical proposes; but the indexed object does not need to be in the immediate environment. B's strongest areas are on the history of oralism and of manualism in the US. Her thorough historical research provides a very good background to present-day schools of thought and the institutions representing them. Chap. 12, on mainstreaming of Deaf in public schools, also provides an excellent history ofeducational philosophies , and chronologically describes the legal processes that have given rise to the different types ofacademic settings guaranteed for education of Deaf. But B's weakest chapter is Chap. 9, dealing with the linguistics of sign language , in which B makes such oversimplifications as defining one grammatical rule in ASL as a 'snap ofa wrist' (185). Without further classification of movement, the reader may be led to assume wrongly that the compound 'knowthat ' and 'don't know' are identical. Along with original sources ofresearch on the linguistics of ASL and recent anthropological studies of the Deaf community, this book can serve as an introductory guide to the social differences between Deaf and Hearing in the US. [Susan De Santis, Georgetown University.] Logic in linguistics. By Jens Allwood , Lars-Gunnar Andersson, and Osten Dahl. Cambridge: University Press, 1977. Pp. x, 185. Cloth $25.95, paper $7.95. Although this introduction to symbolic logic is meant for linguists, it is not very specialized; it does not draw heavily on knowledge that linguists might be expected to have. It would be suitable for intermediate undergraduate courses in philosophical logic. After some set-theoretical preliminaries, a large portion of the text covers the standard material of almost every introductory course in symbolic logic: validity and deduction in classical propositional and predicate logic. Deduction is given less emphasis than usual, and the authors have made an effort to use non-technical terms. (For instance, satisfaction in predicate logic is explained by means of examples; a general definition of satisfaction is isolated in a separate section.) The book diverges from usual introductions in devoting a bit more than a third of its space to topics in philosophical logic, with special attention to the devices used in Montague Grammar . The final chapter attempts to provide perspective on logic as it relates to linguistics. Logic is really abranch ofmathematics—and, like many ofits cousins, it doesn't come equipped with early pay-offs for students interested in applications. Somehow, such students must manage to postpone their demands for instant relevance, and to invest...