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472 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 56, NUMBER 2 (1980) worthwhile survey of modern approaches to Romance linguistics. It is eclectic in its theoretical basis, combining transformational, structural, and pre-structural stances with a fair distribution of synchronic and diachronic studies. Yet the favoring of phonological over syntactic material does not accurately reflect current interests in the Romance languages, and the few papers that are on syntax demonstrate the continuing reluctance of Romance linguists to approach it diachronically . [Graham Mallinson, Monash University , Victoria, Australia.] Contemporary studies in Romance linguistics . Ed. by Margarita Suñer. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1978. Pp. xii, 402. $4.95. These twenty papers, presented at the 7th Symposium on Romance Languages at Cornell Universith, are surprisingly good; the book will certainly interest Romance linguists , but also contains items for those not specifically in this field. Although the papers are based on Romance languages (French and Spanish for the most part), the researchers have all tried to address general theoretical issues. The best article here, without doubt, is Dwight Bolinger's paper, 'Free will and determinism in language' (1-17). With the clarity and carefulness which has always characterized Bolinger's work, he discusses the supposed meaninglessness of it in English (It's hard to study); do (in sentences with dosupport ); the relationship between Span, se 'reflexive' and se 'indirect object'; a case of intonation in English; /Aere-insertion in English; and the famous someIany alternation in English. There are several papers for phonologists. William Cressey discusses the glide problem in Spanish. Wayne Redenbarger suggests that the Portuguese evidence from vowel harmony does not support an 'Elsewhere Condition', as James Harris had claimed in an earlier article. Sanford Schane discusses the importance of the syllable boundary in French, and concludes that its complete elimination from French phonology is not possible. Albert Valdman discusses the so-called ' loi de position' and the direction ofchange in spoken French. Syntax/semantics predominates as usual, with ten of the twenty papers devoted to this area. Several are speech-based, e.g. a study of the auxiliary être in Ontario French, and a study of variable constraints on mood in Puerto Rican Spanish—continuing the research in this area started by M. E. Garcia and myself on the same topic in Mexican Spanish. I was particularly impressed by Jorge Guitart's article on Spanish aspect. Since all Spanish linguists seem compelled, sooner or later, to put in their two bits' worth on this topic, the Guitart article is a must for Spanish syntacticians (and perhaps even teachers). Other articles on syntax include studies of the semantic unity of Fr. il y a, a generativesemantic analysis of tense in Spanish (not very impressive), the predictability of the article in French, morphological regularization of verbal paradigms in French, a semantic analysis of Spanish articles, and sentential clitics and clause reduction in Italian. One paper on syntax is truly Romance: Ivonne Bordelois' study of clitic movement and Romance causatives uses Spanish, French, and Italian examples. There are four diachronic papers: Stanley Whitley's article on rule re-ordering in Spanish phonology; a new look at Latin and Proto-Romance verb conjugations, by Robert A. Hall Jr.; Eric Hamp's short note on the interaction between Romance and Celtic studies; and finally Barry Velleman's paper on Spanish grammatical thought (Latinist and universalist models). Finally, there is a very interesting paper by Stephen Wallace, on a Portuguese creóle which once existed in Tugu, Indonesia. [Tracy D. Terrell, University of California, Irvine.] 1975 Colloquium on Hispanic Linguistics. Ed. by Frances M. Aid et al. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1976. Pp. vi, 157. This small volume consists of thirteen papers, of which some will be of interest to most Spanish linguists. However, there is little here which carries theoretical impact, or will have implications outside Hispanic linguistics. The areas covered are quite varied. In two general articles, Juan M. Lope Blanch gives a nice overview of sociolinguistics and Spanish BOOK NOTICES 473 dialectology, while Humberto López Morales presents an excellent summary of dialect research in the Spanish Caribbean to date. The latter paper will be of interest to those researchers working in variability theory, particularly phonological variability...

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