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212 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 76, NUMBER 1 (2000) into a unified theoretical framework, centered on the conception ofthe clause as a layered functional structure . Although the efforts at formalization sometimes take precedence over the actual description and explanation , the two volumes offer valuable new insights , especially when reconsidering traditional problems and concepts in terms of the distinct functional layers of the clause. [Jean-Christophe VersTRAETE , University of Leuven.] Language contact and language conflict . Ed. by Unn Royneland. (Proceedings of the international Ivar Aasen conference, 14-16 November 1996, University of Oslo.) Oslo: The Ivar Aasen Institute, 1997. Pp. 320. This book is derived from papers of the annual conference honoring Norwegian language planner Ivar Aasen who developed the literary variety ofNorwegian (Nynorsk) to replace Danish as Norway's official language. The book is divided between topics concerning multilingualism/language planning and issues specific to particular nations. The collection provides an excellent balance between theory and practice. The opening paper by Suzanne Romaine discusses the consequences of language policy for the status of minority languages of the European Union. She evaluates the connection between nationalism and monolingualism and how migration, multilingualism , and multiculturalism affect language planning . Thomas Erickson reviews the connection between national and regional identities and state language policy. He provides an excellent survey of state reactions to multilingualism and their effects on minority language speakers. He points out that Breton may have a new lease on life because of the lessening of nationalism in France brought on by the rise of the European Union. Two papers describe institutional forces at work in support of minority languages. The development ofthe European charterfor regional or minority languages is described by Sigve Gramstad. The signatories of this charter are charged with enacting legislation to protect their linguistic minorities. Dónall Riagáin gives an accounting of the focus of the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages. A number of the papers focus on language planning policies. The contribution ofIngegerd Larsson covers the shift in attitudes from an anti-Finnish proSwedish monolingual policy to the present-day tolerance of 'locally designed language education programs ' (55). Lars Vik0r outlines the relationship between norms, status, and regulations, looking specifically at status planning, codification, and spelling reform in Norway. Peter Trudgill's contribution describes the development of two standard varieties of Norwegian. He believes that the definition of language should be expanded to include more than one autonomous standard. The extraordinary success story ofthe revival ofCatalan is the topic ofMiquell Strubell's paper. He asserts that having no language policy is tantamount to assisting in the destruction of minority languages. A number ofpapers trace the development of language policies of countries that were previously part of the Soviet bloc where majority national languages were often relegated to minority language status. These include Ada Prédite's piece on Latvia, Terje Mathiassen's contribution on Latvia and Lithuania, and László Keresztes's on Estonia. Herbert Chimhundu reports on Shona, a Bantu language, for which the lack ofinstitutional language planning has not prevented the community from moving towards standardization. In Zimbabwe, standardization of Shona includes the creation of an official orthography and publication of a monolingual dictionary. The last five papers and accompanying commentaries deal with minority language use and the language movement of the last century in Norway, focusing on the contnbutions of Ivar Aasen, the effects ofnationalism, and democratization and on language conflict. For those seeking a broad view of the Norwegian language situation, these papers cover an interesting range of topics and perspectives. [Elizabeth Grace Winkler, Columbus State University.] La estructura categorial de los evidencíales en el quechua wanka. By Rick Floyd. (Serie lingüística Peruana N0 44.) Lima, Peru: Ministerio de Educaci ón, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1997. Pp. 267. AU Quechualanguages have the grammatical category of evidentiality—whereby for every statement in a language, the evidence on which it is based must be stated. Evidentiality interacts with clause type, tense, aspect, and person. It is also often used to express epistemological meanings relating to the speaker's attitude towards reality. The Quechua languages have three evidentiality specifications: direct evidence (-mi), conjectural (-chi, chr(a), etc.), and reported (-shi). This book offers...

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