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Relations, 197S1983 I The View from Athens I T h e 1923 Lausanne Treaty settled the outstanding differences between Greece and Turkey after a decade of warfare in the Balkans and Asia Minor. Since then, GreekTurkish relations have passed through many difficult phases but have also enjoyed periods of detente. The emergence of the Cyprus question in 1954 contributed to the progressive deterioration of Greek-Turkish relations, which were complicated further by numerous bilateral differences reflecting the political, economic, and strategic interests of the two countries. Inevitably then, the relations of these countries with the United States and NATO were also negatively affected as the Allied response to these problems was determined by regional strategic considerations and the assumption that Turkey was strategically more important than Greece in Allied planning in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Moreover, the military dictatorship that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974 enjoyed the toleration if not also the support of the United States and NATO. Thus a wide public consensus developed in Greece that the United States and NATO were responsible not only for that dictatorship but also for its actions that led to the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus; for encouraging and supporting Turkey in its confrontation with Greece in the Aegean; and for the continued Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus. For these reasons, Greece under Constantine Karamanlis, the Conservative Prime Minister, withdrew in 1974 from NATO's military wing and began the renegotiation of its defense cooperation agreements with the United States. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement currently ruling Greece has articulated since 1974 in simple and consistent terms the widely held public sentiment in Greecethat today the threat to Greek sovereigntyand independence comes This article is part of a broader project on Greek-Turkish relations. Research has been carried outbetween 1978and 1983and hasbeen madepossibleby grants from the Officeof International Programs,Indiana University;the West EuropeanCenter, IndianaUniversity;andby a sabbatical from Indiana University-Purdue University. The documentary and other material has been supplemented by extensive original and follow-up interviews of political leaders, diplomats, journalists, military, and others in Greece and Cyprus. This article is a revised version of a paper presented at the Lehrman Institute in New York. Van Coufoudakis is Associate Professor of Political Scienceat lndiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne. International Security, Spring 1985 (Vol. 9, No. 4) 0162-2889/85/040185-33$02.50/0 0 1985 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 185 lnternational Security I 186 from the East (Turkey) and not from the North (the U.S.S.R.).’ And even though Greece rejoined NATO’s military wing through a controversial 1980 agreement and signed in 1983 a new defense cooperation agreement with the United States, its relations with the United States and NATO remain skeptical if not tense. Since 1974, successiveGreek governments have evaluated their ties to the United States and NATO through the prism of Greek-Turkish relations, which remain the main priority of Greek policy. The widely held perception among Greek policymakers, the public, and the press has been that, for strategic reasons, the United States and NATO have failed to understand and appreciate the interests and concerns of Greece in its dispute with Turkey. Thus, an improvement in the relations of Greece with NATO and the United States is not likely to come about without a resolution of some of the outstanding problems between Greece and Turkey and/or an indication by Greece’sallies that they understand some of these Greek concerns. Therefore , the purpose of this article is to review the Greek perspective on the history of Greek-Turkish relations since the proclamation of the Turkish Republic in 1923 and to question whether the foundations for cooperation established during those early years are stillrelevant to the current situation. The Lausanne Treaty and the Spirit of the Venizelos-Ataturk De‘tente The Lausanne Treaty, signed on July 23, 1923, established the foundations of Greek-Turkish relations. Harry J. Psomiades, in an incisive analysis of the treaty, explains that it laid the foundation of peace in the region by settling outstanding territorial questions and establishing a new status quo after a decade...

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