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308 BOOK REVIEWS trian, but many chose instead to mention the crown colony ofBohemia, and occasionally they mentioned their nationality as "German," probably because that was the language they spoke. The specific area in Bohemia where the New Ulm immigrants originated was the County of Bischofteinitz. Upon their arrival in Minnesota, these poorer Bohemian Catholics did not relate well to the more elite, anticlerical, free-thinking members of the Turnverein (Forty-Eighters) who in 1856 founded New Ulm. The authors describe the characteristics, customs, culture, and economic and political life of the Bohemians, who witnessed annually a sequence of celebrations that were tied to the church calendar. Great emphasis was placed on their musical tradition, especially church music. Today the New Ulm GermanBohemian Heritage singers collect, render, and preserve the songs of old. When in 1924 the Minnesota Catholic societies held a convention in New Ulm, the Böhmische Dorfsmusikanten (BohemianVillage Musicians) played for the celebration . For the most part, the German-Bohemians were farmers, but soon after their arrival in America, many ofthem became masons, carpenters, cobblers, or brewers . One cottage industry ofthe Bischofteinitz region that was transferred intact to New Ulm was Spitzenklöppelei (lace making). This clearly written book is the only full-length publication to this reviewer's knowledge about the German-Bohemians in the United States. It reflects a great amount ofresearch from primary as well as from secondary sources in both the English and the German languages,including 119 pictures and some useful maps. The title should have indicated that the main focus on the book was on the German-Bohemians in New Ulm. Nevertheless, the authors are to be congratulated for their fine contribution to the religious, social, and immigration history of the United States. No library should be without it. Josephine H. Schulte St. Mary's University San Antonio, Texas A History of the Poles in America to 1908, Fart II: The Poles in Illinois. By Wactaw Kruszka. Edited with an Introduction by James S. Pula; translated by KrystynaJanowski. (Washington, D.C.:The Catholic University ofAmerica Press. 1994. Pp. x, 288. $54.95.) This is the second volume of the translation of Father Kruszka on the history of Poles in the United States. It is one of a small number of works which have moved from the status of a secondary to a primary source. In their reconfiguration of the original thirteen volumes, the editors have taken the reasonable course of concentrating the extensive and somewhat scattered material on Illinois into a single book. BOOK REVIEWS 309 As a priest, Kruszka chose to focus on the ethnic parishes, which were in fact centra] to the development ofAmerican Polonia. This work is largely a study of the huge parish of St. Stanislaus Kostka in Chicago, the mother church of Chicago Polonia and for a quarter-century under the strong-willed care of Father Vincent Barzynski (Wincenty Barzynski), CR. Kruszka's language describing the Resurrectionist's acquisition of pastoral authority in 1874 "like an eagle stalking its chosen prey" (p. 53) exemplifies both his rhetoric and attitude toward a priest whom he at once admired and at times contested on issues central to Polonia. The Wisconsin cleric describes at length instances of the rivalry oforder versus secular priests in the rapidly growing Chicago archdiocese, a situation he interprets as one in which Resurrectionist ambition hindered service to the laity. Kruszka portrays their policies as leading even to schism, in the independence movement at St. Hedwig's led by Father Anton Kozlowski. He likewise castigates them for "nourishing the Germans" (p. 190) by impelling discontented Poles to join the German St. Boniface Church, harsh condemnation indeed since Germany was seen as a major oppressor of Poles in the homeland .Yet he also acknowledges their accomplishments and occasionally writes admiringly of their efforts. The remainder of the work provides capsule histories of Chicago and other Illinois Polish congregations, with numerous pen portraits of pastors and extensive quotations from letters, including some to the author himself. The originals in some instances are no longer extant, and so the reprinting makes available in English rare sources on this important period. As in the first volume, the book benefits...

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