The Reckoned Expense: Edmund Campion and the Early English Jesuits. Essays in Celebration of the First Century of Campion Hall, Oxford (1896-1996) ed. by Thomas McCoog, S.J. (review)

468BOOK REVIEWS cerning penance advocated active lay participation. Instead of counseling passive reception of the sacrament, numerous manuals and devotional books advised their readers to take control over the act of penance, to track their sins and harness their minds, and not to wait content for priestly interrogation.An active conscience thus became a necessary prerequisite for full participation in the sacrament. Similarly, rigor was not merely to be imposed from the clergy downward, since these writers expended enormous energy to ensure that the clergy made complete and satisfactory confessions themselves. In his Epilogue,"Careful not Fearful,"Myers returns to consider the qualitative question,"What kind ofpiety did Counter-Reformation penance create?"In contrast to the tortured world that Jean Delumeau's many works evoke, Myers is more prudent.The combined efforts ofthe state, Church, and the Jesuits helped to create a new kind ofreligious experience. Confession's practice, once tied to the rhythms of the ecclesiastical year; was now more frequent. For most Catholics, penance was a monthly or even weekly exercise. "The disciplines of Lent—prayer, fasting, and meditation on death—stretched throughout the year, their austerity pervading all of Catholic piety" (p. 193). Myers thus finds himself in agreement with Andrew Barnes, who has argued that the CounterReformation helped to "iron out" the liturgical year. It dispersed, in other words, the disciplines of Lent into regular Catholic practice. The result was a new Catholic lay person, one who may have been more effectively subjected to a clerical and state hierarchy, but who was also expected to exercise greater selfrestraint and discipline. Philip M. Soergel Arizona State University The Reckoned Expense:Edmund Campion and the Early English Jesuits. Essays in Celebration of the First Century of Campion Hall, Oxford (1896-1996). Edited by Thomas McCoog, SJ. (Rochester, New York: The Boydell Press. 1996. Pp. xxvi, 337. $71.00.) Handsomely produced with a good index and bibliography, this book contains fifteen essays by well-known writers including the editor. The notes indicate the latest as well as older standard works. Part I deals with the "context" in which, after a brief life of Campion, David Loades studies the spirituality of the "restored Catholic Church" from 1553 to 1558, underlining the tensions between the Marian restoration and new currents from abroad.The tension theme is taken up in Thomas F. Mayer's "A Test ofWills: Cardinal Pole, Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits in England." Pole shunned Jesuit help for England, his own sympathies lying with Paul FV and hisTheatines (p. 31)·J- M. McConica pursues the tension theme at Oxford University, where the Chancellor, Robert Dudley, forced the issue against the papists to the limit. BOOK REVIEWS469 CoIm Lennon begins Part II, "Campion and His Contemporaries," with an essay on Campion's Histories ofIreland.Tension existed in individuals as well as systems. Campion strongly supported the viceroy, Sir Henry Sidney, including his defeat of Shane O'Neill, paramount chief of Ulster. He believed in Anglicization and education, although an Irish university had to wait (p. 78). Katherine Duncan-Jones pursues Campion's influence on Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Henry's son, especially during his stay in Prague. Alison Shell considers Campion as a dramatist. Thomas McCoog's essay on "The Role of Disputation in the Jesuit Mission" makes it clear why Jesuits were so much hated by adversaries .They trained students in the seminaries to argue with needle sharpness (p. 122). Unsatisfactory, alas, is John Bossy's assessment of "The Heart of Robert Persons ." After a sneer at Campion's "angelism" and his way of "turning a mission into a melodrama" (p. 141), Bossy gets down to Persons. He claims a "discovery that, during his major period of political activity, Persons advocated, or . . . did rather more than condone the assassination of Queen Elizabeth as a preliminary to the enterprise of England." For evidence Bossy offers an obscure Latin passage from a reply of General Claudio Aquaviva ofJune 5, 1583, to a letter from Persons no longer extant (pp. 148-149, and n. 26). Bossy admits one cannot define exactly something hinted at obscurely in the Latin but presumably connected with the invasion of England. He takes a cardinal unnamed to...