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440Cl VIL WAR HIS TOR Y supreme court justice who had upheld Dred Scott's claim to freedom, and was active in Missouri politics when the Confederacy came into being. He was an intelligent participant in the discussions relative to Missouri and the Union, and was the logical choice to head the state's extra-legal provisional government, organized in the summer of 1861. This extemporized body was a necessity, since most of the duly-elected state officials (led by the pro-Secession governor, Claiborne Jackson) had fled the capital. Under Gamble's leadership the provisional government not only kept Missouri with the North, but kept her people from destroying themselves. Professor Parrish has critically examined the roles of other important individuals, and some of them emerge more realistically than from older accounts. For example, the student of the Civil War is likely to remember General Nathaniel Lyon as the martyred hero of Wilson's Creek but is aware not at all of that earlier Nathaniel Lyon—the bumbling Federal commander in St. Louis. Fremont, Harney, Halleck, Schofield, Curtis, and Rosecrans are all prominent characters in this study, and their achievements and shortcomings (there were many of the latter) are thoroughly covered. The part played by President Lincoln is, of course, not ignored. Turbulent Partnership is not a military history in so far as bloody battles and gallant charges are concerned, but it is definitely a history of military administration. Political and martial events were closely interwoven in Missouri and the author keeps the reader aware that the shooting war was very much alive and that it crucially affected Missouri and her relationship with Washington. To point out the minor shortcomings of this book would be picayune. A good analysis of a bad situation, it is a definitive addition to the literature on the Civil War in the West. Robert W. Richmond Kansas State Historical Society Medicines for the Union Army: The United States Army Laboratories During the Civil War. By George Winston Smith. (Madison, Wis.: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1962. Pp. v, 119. $2.75.) In this nicely printed and edited volume (which contains but seventysix pages of text, however) Mr. Smith has given us a monograph on the Union army's efforts to manufacture or process a portion of the drugs it required during the latter stages of the Civil War. It is a careful, scholarly, well-documented work which assumes both a knowledge of the conflict and some understanding of pharmacology on the part of readers. Considerable attention is given the two important Medical Department laboratories at Philadelphia and Astoria, Long Island. These appear to have performed neither well enough to win commendation nor badly enough to merit censure . The author doubts if they saved the Federal government as much money as their managers claimed. Having begun to function just at the time when private enterprise was entering its most buoyant period, it is not sur- Book Reviews441 prising that these "socialist" facilities did not long survive the war. Published by a pharmaceutical history institute, the book should fascinate those pharmacists who are also Civil War buffs. It should also interest students of business history. To yet other readers it may serve as an example of a worth-while piece of research which has proved too long for an article, too short for a book. Without some of the trivia and much of the massive detail it would make an interesting article. But then the pharmacists might be unhappy. George W. Adams Southern Illinois University (Carbondale) Who Fired the First Shot? and Other Untold Stories of the Civil War. By Ashley Halsey, Jr. (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1963. Pp. 224. $5.00.) This is a very unusual Civil War book, and deserves a better title. The present one is misleading, and applies only to the first chapter, which is not one of the best. Although Halsey has found some new material for it, the question of who fired the first shot has been threshed over before, far beyond its inherent interest. Other chapters rate considerably higher and bring out much which will be new to most readers, and some which will no doubt be...

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