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REVIEWS 295 the great enemy of the religion of Spirit that is Christianity. In one of Leibowitz's betterknown formulations, since Christianity claims to be the legitimate heir of Judaism, and since it is impossible to be an heir if the testator is still alive, it follows that the existence of Judaism is a scandal to Christianity. With this in mind, the "Otherness" of the Jew is nothing less than the scandal of doubt that invades all spiritualisms, especially spiritualisms of a rational and liberal age. Thus, rather than alleviating the position of the Jew, the heart of "rationalist" Europe turned the other way round. In order to tell the story of the fate of Jews in the Christian world'—in whatever timeframe one chooses—one must begin with theology and not with premises that empty both religions of their theological content. As a liberal intellectual holding fast to his faith in religious tolerance, Felsenstein is blind to the deep embeddedness of anti-Semitism in Christianity's self-definition: the annihilation of Jewry is not an afterthought of Christianity , but its violent point of origin. And, indeed, "tolerance" itself must be contextualized; Felsenstein tells his entire story without backgrounding it in the religious civil wars of the previous century; without that context, however, any treatment of the response to theological differences in the eighteenth century is quite incomplete, whether those who are different are Jews or Methodists or Roman Catholics. If one wants to understand antiSemitism in the eighteenth century, one must read not only weak-minded rabble-rousing politicians, journalists, and madmen, but the age's best preachers and theologians— Tillotson and Clarke, South and Law, Butler and Warburton, Whitefield and Wesley. It is only by understanding how pervasive is the "innocent" celebration of Christianity at the expense of Judaism that one begins to sense why anti-Semitic notions put down sturdy and unkillable roots in Christian societies. Felsenstein's best opportunity to explore this problem, the fascinating writings of Thomas Witherby, is reduced to an extended footnote (pp. 311-12, nl3); to have highlighted the errors of Witherby's (or Coleridge's) liberal thinking would have been the beginning of a different—and, to my mind, a better—book. Melvyn New University of Florida Simon Tyssot de Patot. Voyages et avantures de Jaques Massé. Éd. Aubrey Rosenberg. Paris: Universitas; Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1993. 227pp. ISBN (France) 2-7400-0012-X. ISBN (U.K.) 0-7249-0450-1. Si le nom de Tyssot de Patot n'évoque certainement rien pour la majorité des lecteurs, la modeste notoriété dont il jouit aujourd'hui dans le cercle restreint des dix-huitiémistes et des spécialistes de l'histoire du genre utopique eût sans doute suffi à combler les vœux de ce bel esprit de province qui, au fil des quatre-vingt-trois années d'une longue vie (16551738 ), lutta sans succès pour émerger de l'obscurité et obtenir une petite place au sein de la République des Lettres. Ce qui ne signifie pas que l'œuvre ait été ignorée en son temps: les Voyages et avantures de Jaques Massé, son ouvrage le plus lu et d'ailleurs le seul qui ait connu un réel retentissement, bénéficièrent d'une diffusion presque européenne, furent réédités jusqu'au-delà de la première moitié du siècle et eurent pour lecteurs, parmi beaucoup d'autres, Swift, Voltaire, d'Argenson, Diderot, sans que pour autant l'anonymat de l'auteur eût été percé. 296 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION 8:2 Tombé dans l'oubli le plus complet, puis redécouvert au début de ce siècle par Lanson et son école (Lanson, 1910; Chinard, 1913; Atkinson, 1922), le récit de Tyssot de Patot tire son importance de sa position charnière à l'articulation de divers genres, modèles ou paradigmes par rapport auxquels il occupe une position toujours marginale et atypique: roman d'aventures, récit picaresque, robinsonnade, voyage imaginaire, utopie, «Odyssée philosophique», parabole libertine, fiction semi-didactique à la Jules Verne.... L'intérêt du texte tient justement à ce caractère composite et inclassable qui a parfois...

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