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72Quaker History eighteenth-century Philadelphia Quakerism during the American Revolution and the early republic. Michael L. BlackBrooklyn Monthly Meeting Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania: A Biographical Dictionary. Volume Three, 1 757-1 775. By Craig W. Horle and others. University Park, Pa.: Penn State University Press. 2007. Illustration, maps, and index. 1635 pages. $60. Lawmaking andLegislators is the great toolbox ofhistorians ofcolonial Pennsylvania. It is a resource without any serious rival in the literature on colonial America and a monument to what may be accomplished though the collaboration ofhistorians and institutions. It is most useful to historians of politics and government, but students of religion and society, as well as genealogists, will use it too. Since it treats legislators and politicians, women and unimpowered men appear infrequently and mostly as supporting cast. Given that Quakers comprised most of the officeholders in Pennsylvania, most ofthe biographies are ofFriends. This volume, number three, deviates from that generalization since it covers the period 17571775 , after the slow exodus of Friends from public office had begun. Nevertheless, Friends were still the largest single religious denomination represented in the House of Representatives for that period, providing plenty of content for volume three. Indeed, because the period 1757-1775 is arguably the most turbulent and dramatic era before independence, the biographies and data in this volume may attract more readers than the previous ones. Volume three opens with eight succinct essays about government and politics—assembly procedures, county government, the governors, and political parties, among other topics. Following that are choice figures and tables on assemblymen's religion, slaveholding, occupations, kinship, and other characteristics. Also, at the end of volume three are appendices on religious affiliation, a list ofall laws enacted, a synopsis ofpetitions to the assembly, andmore. These features spare historians a great deal ofpainstaking searching and tabulation. The core of the work, of course, is the biographies of legislators. For students of Quakerism, volume three exhibits the fascinating variety of experiences and outcomes in the lives of the Quaker assemblymen. Israel Pemberton, probably the most significant clerk of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in the eighteenth century, led the reformation ofthe Society and the exodus from public office. His brother James, whose biography follows Book Reviews73 Israel's in volume three, resisted the exodus and, to the disgust of Israel, revered Benjamin Franklin and his politics. There was tension within the Pemberton clan. John Brown (1725-1802) typifies the maddening Friends in public office who exhibited no sympathy with Quaker reforms like antislavery. The Pembertons were exiled in Virginia by the revolutionary regime in Pennsylvania, whereas the Quaker tyro ofPennsylvania politics, Joseph Galloway, fled to England with other Loyalists. Galloway died in England, whereas Loyalist Joseph Shoemaker, after being pardoned, returnedto Pennsylvania and diedthere. The Society swiftly disowned Joseph Fox, onetime Speaker of the House, because he collaborated with the declaration of war against the Delaware Indians and the scalping ofthem. But come the Revolution, he behaved in a manner—allegedly Loyalist— that many stalwart Friends followed: for example, boycotting Continental paper currency, an advanced Quaker religious scruple. He was included among suspect Friends detained by the revolutionary regime (although he was not exiled to Virginia). On the other hand, he swore allegiance to the new regime, which no Friend in good standing could do. He ended his life buried among Friends in the Philadelphia Quaker cemetery. We wonder what Friends made ofhis quizzical course of life? These biographies treat notjust public life. We learn, for example, ofthe misery that Israel Pemberton suffered from the conduct of his stepson, Joseph Jordan, who murdered the innocent Thomas Kirkbride. Thus, whether one needs to find the laws for emitting paper currency in Pennsylvania , or wishes to read about intimate matters, he will find the dictionary rewarding indeed. Priced at only $60, it is the greatestbargain in American historical writing. Jack D. MariettaUniversity of Arizona The Growth andDevelopmentofQuaker Testimony, 1652-1661 and 19601994 : Conflict, Non-Violence, andConciliation.ByGerardGuiton. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 2005. 483 pp. Illustrations, tables, appendices, notes, bibliography, and index. Guiton's book discusses three subjects that he sees as linked, but that readers can easily consider separately. The first 1 14 pages is a studyofearly...

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