Logica e linguistica nel pensiero di Guido Calogero (review)

140 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY phy rather than in theology or politics. Feuerbach's central role in the crisis of Hegelianism has been clearly analyzed by the author in the light of the discussions between rationalists and romantics, Hegelians and Schellingians, pantheists and deists, l)aub's influence on Feuerbach has been evaluated for the first time in its actual significance, which is the same as Feuerbach's relationship with "Young Germany." Feuerbach's first studies, his doctoral thesis, the "Gedanken ," his "Lectures," his writings on history of philosophy and on philosophical criticism are all carefully analyzed in this important contribution toward a better knowledge of the tremendous diffusion of, and sudden crisis in, classical German idealism. GIORGIO TON~LLt Pisa, Italy Logica e linguistica nel pensiero di Guido Calogero. By Renzo Raggiunti. In Appendice: Fenomenologia e filosofia della presenza. (Firenze: La Nuova Italia [1963]. Pp. 354, indice. =: Biblioteca di Cultura, 71. L. 2.700.) Renzo Raggiunti, author of La Conoscenza Storica (an analysis of Croce's logic) and of La Conoscenza e il problema della lingua, follows up his own critical studies, as well as Stelio Zeppi's Il problema del dialogo nel pensiero italiano contemporaneo, with this detailed study of Guido Calogero's views on the relation between logic, linguistics, and the problem of knowledge . This study involves a critical account of the changes in Calogero's views about the function of classical logic since 1938 when he published an essay on "Storia ed eternit~ delia logica classica" in his La conclusione della filosofia del eonosciere until the publication of his three comprehensive volumes of Lezioni di filosofia (1940--1943) in which Calogero develops his filosofia della presenza. This concept of "presence," which takes the place of "eternit5" in his earlier work, gives his approach an apparently phenomenological perspective, at least according to Raggiunti, and leads the author of this volume to add a long essay as all Appendix on the contrast between Husserl's views on logic and Calogero's. But in his account of Calogero 's efforts to get away from the idealistic and "archaic" elements in Gentile's actualism, the author makes it quite clear, even without the Appendix, that there is little relation between Calogero's re:distic and social interpretation of "immediate presence" of objects in consciousness and in social relations and Husserl's Wesenschau. Historically, this book is informative and important because it gives a critical insight into some of the more technical issues in the so-called "crisis of Italian idealism" and in the attempts to find more up-to-date ways of emphasizing thought-in-the-act-of-thinking than Gentile's version of "pure act" and absolute subjectivity or voluntarism. Calogero's achieve ments in this direction are certainly noteworthy. Calogero's basic polemic seems to be his effort to get rid of the problem of knowledge, to associate linguistics with dialogue and with the arts of communication and persuasion, while he associates logic with the structure of rational procedure in the "presence" of an actual problematic situation. In the course of his development, Calogero modified his views on the trans-historical or "eternal" validity of the classical laws of thought, so that now he relates their validity to dealing coherently with any present, concrete situation or object. He regards this presence as both social and immediate, but the obligation to be consistent in this immediate presence is more than methodological or instrumental. However, in the "temporal" struc ture of an ongoing dialogue or discussion the rules governing the use of symbols have priority over the formal laws of logic. The analysis of dialogue and of judgment in social relations (as, for example, in juridical "logic") has become increasingly prominent in Calogero's recent work, and this emphasis gives concrete evidence of his escape from the traditional problems of knowledge under which he and his colleagues labored during the reign of Croce and Gentile. Raggiunti's background is evidently Crocean and influences his detailed and sympathetic critique of Calogero in chapters IX to XXII. HERBERT W. SCHNEIDER Claremont, California ...